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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was Agrippina the Elder?
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Daughter of Julia, wife of Germanicus, mother of Caligula wants children for princeps, son Drusus with Germanics exiled and died
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Who was Germanicus?
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Augustus’s chosen successor had been Germanicus (popular commander in the Rhineland grandson in law, married to Agrippina the Elder and father of Caligula), died mysteriously while staying with Syrian governor Piso
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What the name of Tiberius's palace? Where was it?
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Villa Jovis, Capri.
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What are the Sperlonga sculptures?
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Found in Tiberius's grotto, baroque style of suffering and gesture, depict Odysseus's adventures Polyphemus, Syclla
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Who was Sejanus?
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Captain of Praetorian Guard: go-between from Tiberius in Capri to Senate in Rome, basically left in control of the state, 31 AD conspiracy revealed to claim princeps, cultivates atmosphere of fear with purges, executed for treason
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What were the Ships at Nemi?
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Ships at Nemi: Caligula’s colossal pleasure ships, beautiful sculpture, running water and mosaics, pieces in solid gold
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What did Claudius do?
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+ Headed invasion of Britain in 44-43 AD, Romans really take control, build
+ Harbor at Ostia + Handle Jews in Alexandria, revolt crushed + Respect Senators and army |
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Claudian Altar
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Reliefs sometimes associated with Ara Pietatis Augustae, Campus Martius, sacrifice in front of temple, deep relief
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Sebasteion at Aphrodisias
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Shrine of imperial cult, Aphrodisias, Turkey, portico with sculptural reliefs in between columns, imperial family, mythical, allegorical figures, dramatic tension of faces and bodies: “baroque” style
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Who was Messalina?
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Mother of Britannicus by Claudius, prostitution in the palace, immoral woman, sounds unlikely character assassination, killed in 48 AD in conspiracy to take throne
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Agrippina the Younger
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Daughter of Germanicus, Claudius's new wife, her son from former marriage named Nero, arranges marriage of Nero to Claudius’s daughter, supposedly in 54 AD she ensures the succession by poisoning Claudius
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Domus Aurea
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Nero’s Golden House of 64 AD, beneath Baths of Trajan in Rome, used concrete for dome and vaulting, revolutionary octagonal room
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The Year of Four Emperors: What happened?
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Praetorian Guard’s new role as a kingmaker expanded
Galba: Spanish general, selected by Praetorian Guard, lost support and ditched by Praetorian Guard, Otho: husband of Poppaea, bribed praetorians for nomination, Vitellus, proclaimed as princeps by troops in Rhineland, marched on Rome, |
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What was Vespasian's background?
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Commander in Judea, proclaimed as princeps by troops in Syria, Egypt, and Danube, assumed control in 69 AD, Italian family Flavii, lengthy military career in Empire
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What were Vespasian's reforms?
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Restored in Augustan model of Principate, steps away from tyrannical, first among equals concept, reorganizes finances and provinces, lavish building program, generally well-liked despite some Senatorial resistance, dies in 79
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Describe the construction of the Colosseum.
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Flavian project, next to colossal statue of Nero re-modeled as Helios, construction begins over Domus Aurea’s lake by Vespasion, builds atop Domus Aurea, Titus finishes upper level while Domitian constructs hypogeum (underground tunnels for slaves and animals)
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Groin vaults
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Arched passageways crossing at right angles
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What was the exterior of the Colosseum like?
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Doric first level, Ionic second level, Corinthian third level, Corinthian pilasters on 4th floor, velarium: awning over the top
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Hypogeum
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Underground tunnels for slaves and animals
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Guiseppe Fiorelli
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Famous archaeologist, invents principles for scientific excavation at Pompeii, insists upon methodical/ stratigraphic excavation
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What was Domitian's standing with the public?
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Liked by provincials and people of Rome, hated by Senate
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Stadium of Domitian
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Campus Martius, first permanent athletic stadium in Rome, Piazza Navona = Campus Agonis, Church of St. Agnese
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What actions characterized Domitian's reign?
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Establishes new priestly college Flaviales, builds Temple of Deified Vespasian and Titus, prosecutes atheists, title of Dominus et Deus, "master and god", first emperor to do so.
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Flavian Palace: Domus Flavia: Domus Augustana
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Built by Domitian atop Palatine Hill, overlooks Circus Maximus, Domus Flavia: public audience halls, private quarters: Domus Augustana use octagons as architectural motif, elaborate decorations
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Arch of Titus
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By Domitian, varied depth and illusionism, mixed human and divine in public, monument in Rome apotheosis of Titus, Triumph, Menorah Procession, Titus's conquest in Judea
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Cancelleria Reliefs
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Originally part of large frieze that decorated altar base, Profectio: Domitian setting out on military expedition, Recarving of portrait of Domitian as Nerva, Adventus: Vespasian received by Domitian in Rome, Less illusionism than Arch of Titus reliefs
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Crane and Tomb
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From Tomb of Haterii, private family’s funerary relief, proliferation of details: plebian art
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4th Style
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Scenographic decoration, extensive use of white, architectural frames and vistas (like second style), flimsy fantastic architectural forms and elaborate ornamental motifs (3rd Style)
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Serapis or Sarapis
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Osiris and Apis bull, combination
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Harpocrates
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Horus renamed Harpocrates, more of a child figure rather than falcon form
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Characteristics of Silver Age Literature
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Modeled off Republican and Augustan (Golden) Age literature, urbane, sophisticated, pessimistic on affiars
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Lucan
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Poet: Parsalia about Caesar’s Civil War: Spanish, Seneca’s nephew, incomplete epic of Pompey vs. Caesar, 10 books proposed, only 3 published, bombastic style with Stoic influence
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Seneca the Younger
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Prose: Orator, philosopher and playwright, tutored Nero, Stoic philosophy, focus on simple and good life, duty, expunge negative emotions, Tragedies, Apocolocyntosis, Oedipus, major writings: dialogi, Epistulae ad Lucilium, Apocolocytonisis: Pumpkinifcation of Claudia, epigrams, tragedies, horror filled, bombastic, Greek all about reporting tragedy, Roman all about showing you
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Quintillian
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Spanish, orator, teacher, rhetorician, Training of the Orator, educational theory, technical aspects of style and rhetoric
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Petronius
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Petronius: Statesman and writer, manners guru and consul under Nero, fragmentary Latin novel Satyricon: lively, witty, obscene, realistic details of everyday life, Trimalchio’s Dinner
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Juvernal
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Juvernal: 16 satires, brilliant and vicious attacks on contemporary vices, pretty much hates women
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Tacitus
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Tacitus: political positions: consul, governor of Asia, Annals and Histories, Republican tendencies and senatorial bias
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Suetonius
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Suetonius: Lives of 12 Caesars, senatorial bias and Republican sympathies, gossip about the emperors
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Apuleius
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Apuleius: Africa from Madaura, orator, scientist, novelist, Metamoprhoses (Golden Ass): Isis, Story of Lucius: Magic, Milesian tales (Cupid and Psyche)
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Five Good Emperors
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Five Good Emperors: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
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Liturgy
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Work of the people, assigned to projects, construction, providing grain in famine, originally voluntary became required, burdened upper class of provincial cities
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Collegia
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collegia: clubs, people band together to make sure they’re provided with graves
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Coloni
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Tenant farmers on estates, sharecroppers
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Describe Nerva's reign.
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Senator selected by Senators, large bribe to Praetorian Guard, reversed repression of predecessor, loans to farmers and alimenta welfare for kids, disliked by army, appoints military man as successor
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Adoptive Method for Princeps Selection
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Successor chosen while current princeps alive, senatorial class of successor, adopted by princeps, powers by Senate
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What sort of activities was Trajan's reign characterized by?
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Adopted by Nerva, commander in Upper Germany, first provincial citizen to become princeps, extends alimentary system, letters from provincial governor in Bithynia Pliny the Younger, appoints curators to handle financial affairs of municipalities in Italy and provinces, controls municipal affiars of provinces in Greece and Bithynia
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Decebalus of the Dacians
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Decebalus of the Dacians: Revolts in 105, Decebalus finally put down by Trajan, create fortifications along border limites for protection
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Column of Trajan
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Dacian conquests, hold Trajan’s ashes, carvings on hollow drums, designed on spiral with low relief, mixed perspective, highly detailed, friezes reused for arch of Constantine, which also incorporates Hadrianic roundels (round-framed reliefs of emperor hunting and sacrificing, virtus and pietas)
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Baths of Trajan
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Built atop Domus Aurea remains, palaestra (gym), frigidarium (cold), tepidarium (warm) caldarium (hot bath), natatio (swimming pool)
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Forum of Trajan
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Triple-arched entrance, Trajan on Horseback in center, Basilica Ulpia: important building, moved much political activity to Forum of Trajan, libraries, Trajan’s Column
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Describe Hadrian's reign.
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Relative of Trajan, ward at age 12, confirmed as successor at death, Hadrian’s Wall (73 miles), visits Britain in 122 AD, abandoned conquest of Parthia, subdues Palestinian Jewish revolt, Bar Kochba: Jews permanently banned from Jerusalem, Antinous: Hadrian’s Bithynian lover, Antinopolis, death causes mourning, absences from Rome, enlarged imperial bureaucracy, administration of justice and legislation in Italy: now imperial edicts, regular source of law, imperial council: consilium: specialized legal advisors
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Hadrian’s Villa
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Elaborate complex near Tivoli, concrete for domes and vaults, Greek and Egypt (Canopus) references
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Philhellenism
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Revival of Greek art, architecture and literature, not slavish imitation, new concepts as well, Olympieion of Olympic Zeus in Athens
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Pantheon
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Best preserved and most influential of all Roman buildings, porch with honorific inscription to Agrippa, magnificent domed interior with oculus, use of aggregate concrete and coffering to lighten load of dome
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Mausoleum of Hadrian
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Modern Castel Sant’Angelo, drum topped by earthen tumulus like Augustus
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Describe Antoninus Pius's reign.
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Antoninus Pius ascends at 52, forces Senate to deify Hadrian, also builds Antonine Wall in Scotland, defends Roman frontier in Armenia vs. Parthians, high point of Roman peace, revises administration of law
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Great Antonine Reliefs
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Confirm right of succession of Antoninus Pius, military scenes and imperial, frontal portraits
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Column of Antoninus Pius
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Only base survives, apotheosis of Antoninus and Faustina, classicizing style, military review (plebian style) on sides
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Describe the reign of Marcus Aurelius.
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Succession already arranged by Hadrian: Verus and Aurelius, Aurelius a Stoic philosopher: Meditations, strong military commander, Parthians invade Syria, Macronmanni and other tribes west of Dacia break into province, plague: Syria, eastern provinces, imperial treasury bankrupted
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Column of Aurelius
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Campaigns against Macromanni, modeled on Trajan with deeper reliefs, campaigns from Danube, pain and suffering: Baroque, frontal portraits of emperor
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Didius Julianus
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Auction of empire, bid 25,000 sesteroes per soldier, 2 month reign before executed by the Senate
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Pertinax
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Selected by Praetorians and murdered 3 months later
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Who fought in the Civil War during the Year of the Five Emperors?
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Civil War: Niger (Syria), Albinus (Britain) and Severus (Upper Pannonia)
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What was Severus's reign like?
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Severus: Carthaginian descent, Leptis Magna, wealthy family, 2nd wife Julia Domna of Syria, senatorial confiscations and purges, favors imperial bureaucracy at expense of Senate, creates new loyal Praetorian guard, Rome and Italy move to control of praetorian prefect, subjugates Parthia to Tigris, inflation, depreciation and failing economy, widening economic gap
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Honestiores and Humiliores
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Honestiores: equestrians, senators, curial class, soldiers, Humiliores: rest
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Caracalla and Geta
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Two sons of Julia Domna and Severus, co-rulers, Caracalla damnatios and murders Geta, leaves administration of government to Julia Domna and bureaucrats, focuses on military
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Edict of Caracalla
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Extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of empire, Macrinus praetorian prefect conspires against him, murder in 217
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Macrinus
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One year reign, 1st equestrian emperor, attempted to curry favor with army, loses to Parthians, deposed
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Elagabalus
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Great aunt Julia Domna, grandmother Julia Maesa, emperor at 14, instigation by granma, priest of sun god Elagabal, imported cult to Rome, married a Vestal Virgin, alienated upper class, Maesa pushed him to adopt cousin Alexander (Mamaea’s son), he and mother Julia Soemias murdered
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Severus Alexander
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Julia Mamaea’s son, emperor at 14, she did much of administration with Julia Maesa, restored prestige of Senate, set up Senatorial council, Praetorian prefect a senator, lowers taxes, elementary school system and alimentary program extended, building projects
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What did the 3 remarkable generals of Danubian frontier do?
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Gothicus, Aurelian, and Probus: new heavily armored cavalry: catafractarii, new military bases behind frontiers, Goths pushed back across Danube, Palmyrenes defeated, Gallic kingdom suppressed, tribes push back across Rhine, Aurelian Wall protects Rome
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What was Palmyra's deal during all of this?
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Palmyra: New Sassanid Empire of Persians: Odaenathus and Zenobia: trakeover Asia Minor and Egypt, rival Rome’s power, north: gothic tribes raid provinces along Danube, Black Sea, Greece, and Ephesus, west: Germans attic in Rhine, thrusts into Italy, Gallic Kingdom: Roman army of Rhine helps, seize Gallic provinces Spain and Britain, rivals Rome’s power, plague, earthquakes, empire on verge of collapse
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What did Thrax do?
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Takes advantage of military turmoil, Persians invade Syria, Germans invade Upper Rhine, money paid to German tribes, Maximinus Thrax leads revolt of armies in Pannonia, murders Mamaea and Alexander
Thrax: defeated invading Germans, oppress provincials, doubles army’s pay, rival rulers in Rome: Maximus and Balbinus, Maximinus, Maximinus marches on Rome, cut off from supplies, killed troops |
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Claudian
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Late Latin Poetry: Claudian: epistles, epigrams, idylls, panegyrics, mythological epics, The Rape of Prosperpina,
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Pervigilium Veneris
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3-day Venus spring festival, sometimes ascribed to Tiberianus
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What were Diocletian's origins and reforms?
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Lower class Dalmatian origins, Eastern armies choose him as emperor in 285, struggle for power, shares power with Maximianus, entrusted with Gaul and title of Caesar, subdues Gallic revolt: Augustus title, tetrarchs: Caesars Galerius and Chlorus, Caesars marry Augusti’s daughters, divide empire into 12 diocese, reform currency, Maximum Price Edict, compulsory services (soldiers, bakers, farmers inherit hereditary positions)
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How was Diocletian's Rome divided up?
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East: Diocletian (Syria, Egypt), West: Maximianus (Rome, Italy), Galerius: Danube area (Northeast), Chlorus: Northwest Gaul
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How did Diocletian's reign in the East differ?
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In the East: Autocracy, ceremonial approach to kingship, Diocletian = Jovian, Maximianus = Hercules, power from gods not citizens, Principate to dominate (lord)
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Battle of Milvian Bridge
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Constantine fights off Maxentius in Italy, has a vision during Battle of Milvian Bridge, becomes Christian and Augustus of the West
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Who was the Augustus of the East to Constantine's Augustus of the West? What sort of problems arose?
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Licinius conquers Maximinius, rules as pagan Augustus of the East, religious tensions spark, Edict of Milan: 313: legalized Christianity, Constantine becomes sole ruler in 324 AD
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Byzantium
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Constantine: moves imperial capital to Byzantium in 330, constructs Hagia Sophia, suppresses paganism, solidus: successful currency reform
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Julian the Apostate
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Last member of Constantine dynasty, tries to review paganism, interested in neoplatonism
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Council of Nicea
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325 called by Constantine to reach consensus, dissenters exiled, Christian clergy at Rome no longer forced to attend pagan rites, temple to Constantine family at Hispellum, severe punishment for magic, pontifex maximus, Roman temples not to be violated
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Theodosius
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Establishes Nicene Christianity as the norm, destroys temples, Goths move south of Danube
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What happened in 410 in Rome?
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Sack of Rome by Alaric the Visigoth
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What happened in Italy in 452?
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Italy attacked by Atilla the Hun
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What does the date 476 mark?
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Romulus Augustulus last Western Roman Emperor is defeated and Rome falls
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What happens to the Byzantine Empire?
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527-565: Justinian expands Byzantine Empire which stands till 1453 when Constantinople is sacked by Ottoman Turks, renamed Istanbul
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Social and economic reasons for the fall of Rome
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Widening class gap, unrest and risk of rebellion, burden of taxation and liturgies: expense of imperial administration and drawdown of capital wealth, rampant inflation, unsuccessful currency reforms and barter
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Militaristic reasons for the fall of Rome
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Immobility of troops in fixed garrisons on frontiers, no mobile troops for second front, native and local troops = less loyalty to central government, politicization of army: impact selection of princeps, bribes and conspiracies
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Political reasons for Fall of Rome
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Constant fight between princeps, senate, conspiracies and purges, instability, problematic succession of Principate: dynastic vs. adoptive, civil wars between pretenders
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