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157 Cards in this Set
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Nominal scale of measurement |
has different categories with no numerical values ex. ethnicity can be divided into categories (Asian, White, African American, etc) |
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Ordinal Scale of measurement |
ranks variables from lowest to highest. ex: ranking attractiveness of celebrities |
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Interval scale of measurement |
intervals between variables are equal in size with no absolute zero ex. Likert scale of 1 to 7 (1= strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree) |
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Ratio Scale of measurement |
both equal intervals and zero has meaning ex: weight of person doing diet study |
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Researchers studying the effectiveness of a diet on heart disease separated the study's participants into two groups, those with Type A personalities and those with Type B personalities. What scale characterizes the personality variables? |
Nominal scale of measurement |
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Ratio scales are better/different than interval scales because they have an ___ ____ point |
absolute zero |
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An interval scale is preferable to an ordinal scale because _____ a. simpler statistics can be used b. it rank orders individuals on some characteristic c. sophisticated statistics can be used d. it allows the measurement of individual differences |
C |
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A researcher measures the time it takes for subjects to press a button following a signal. This is a ____ scale measure |
ratio |
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The three measures of central tendency are: |
mean, median and mode |
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Which measure would you use to show your demographic data on age of participants and why? |
It would be mean because age is an interval scale, and mean is good with either interval or ratio scales. The average age would help determine what particular range participated in the study and offers other groups that can be studied in the future. |
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A teacher writes the results of a test on the board: 7 students received A's, 10 students received B's, 18 students received C's, 4 students received D's, and 1 student received an F. In statistical terms this is a: a. measure of central tendency b. measure of variability c. frequency distribution d. correlation table |
c |
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The grade of C in the above example would represent which measure of central tendency? |
mode |
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All correlation coefficients range from ____ to ____ |
-1.00 to 1.00 |
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In a negative correlation, ____ scores on one variable are associated with _____ scores on the other variable |
Increasing; decreasing |
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The ___ ____ refers to the strength of association between variables |
effect size |
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the predictor variable is generally analogous to an ____ variable in the experimental method a. confounded b. dependent c. independent d. extraneous |
c |
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The magnitude of the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable is referred to as the _______ a. statistical index b. effect size c. standard deviation d. linear degree |
B |
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A researcher obtains a -.87 correlation between job applicant's ages and their likelihood to be hired: this is a ______ and _______ relationship |
strong and negative Strong because a strong correlation is from +- 7.00 to +- 1.00. It is negative because of the negative sign, which means that as age increases, likelihood to be hired decreases or vice versa |
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What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics? Descriptive statistics ____ whereas inferential statistics _____? a. use ratio data; use nominal data b. use nominal data; use ratio data c. summarize data; determine the probability that results are due to chance d. determine the probability that results are due to chance ; summarize data |
C |
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____ statistics allows you to make statements that results would happen if you were to conduct an experiment a number of times with multiple samples |
Inferential |
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Inferential statistics allow us to arrive at conclusions about the _____ on the basis of _____ data |
population ; sample |
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The statement that the independent variable had no effect is called the _____ hypothesis a. null b. research c. practice d. significant |
A |
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The research hypothesis states that the independent variable _____ effect |
did have an |
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The null hypothesis is rejected whenever ______ a. past studies prove it to be wrong b. there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error c. there is a high probability that the obtained results could be due to random error d. the researcher is convinced that the variable is ineffective in causing changes in behavior |
B; when someone rejects the null hypothesis that means there is statistical significance. If something is statistically significant then we can assume it's on a normal distribution |
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How does sample size affect determinations of statistical significance? The _____, the sample, the _____ a. larger; greater probability that the variable has an effect b. smaller; greater probability that the variable has an effect c. larger; the more confident you can be in your decision to reject or retain the null hypothesis d. smaller; the more confident you can be in your decision to reject or retain the null hypothesis |
A |
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Your lab group must choose a significance test to determine if the mean scores of two groups (males vs. females) are significantly different on a measure of conservatism. The appropriate test is ____ and its statistical notation is _____ |
t-test; t |
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You lab group must choose a significance test to determine the differences in more than 2 groups (freshmen, sophomore, juniors and seniors), on a measure of conservatism. The appropriate test is ____ and its statistical notation is _____ |
ANOVA; F |
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A type ____ error is a decision to reject the null hypothesis when it is true |
1 |
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A type ____ error is a decision to accept the null hypothesis when it is not true (false) |
2 |
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The t-test and F test are used for which type of data? |
One IV with two levels |
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You are doing a study on the relationship between depression and loneliness. The appropriate statistical test in this study would be _____ |
Pearson r correlation |
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What does effect size tell you that supplements statistical hypothesis testing? |
It tells you that with a larger effect size the differences are larger and variability within groups is small. An example would be ethnicity, where differences between whites and Asians may be large, but within the groups of Whites variability will be smaller since they're in one same group. |
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In the Milgram obedience experiment, participants were deceived concerning the hypothesis when they were told that the purpose of the experiment was to study a. the effect of electric shock b. memory and learning c. the effects of punishment d. blind obedience |
b |
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Kyle, a sophomore in high school, and his parents have signed written agreements allowing him to participate in a research study examining attitudes toward alcohol use by high school students. Kyle's agreement to participate is known as a. coercion b. disclosure c. assent d. deception |
C |
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The Belmont Report defines principles that have guided the development of the ethical code employed by the American Psychological Association. Which of the following is not one of these principles? a. Respect for persons (autonomy) b. beneficence c. replication d. justice |
C |
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According to the Belmont Report, the need for research to maximize benefits and minimize possible harmful effects refers to which principle? |
It refers to beneficence, which weighs the costs versus the benefits. If the risk of harmful effects are too high, IRB's will not sign off on the study. |
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Psychological studies must be reviewed for possible sources of a. physical stress b. psychological stress c. physical and psychological stress d. psychical stress |
C |
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In a research experiment, ____ protects what is said while ____ protects who said it |
confidentiality; anonymity |
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The Belmont Report's principle of respect for persons or autonomy is best represented by which of the following applications? a. risk-benefit analysis b. informed consent c. the freedom of the researcher to select a topic of interest d. respect for a researcher's findings that contradict yours |
B |
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Ethical concerns are especially important with special populations of participants such as ____ because ____ a. college students; they often have to participate as part of a course requirement b. mental patients; they are not as capable of refusing to participate if they don't want to c. prisoners; they have given up their rights when they committed a crime d. none of the above---special populations are not considered differently because that would be discrimination |
B |
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Colin has agreed to take part in a study on "preferences for different fast foods." When he arrives for the study he is asked to read an account of a sexual assault to indicate the guilt and punishment he would assign to the assailant. This procedure best illustrates ____ |
the role of deception |
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Participants volunteered for a study on "attitudes toward television violence" instead the particiapnts completed a survey on their own aggressive behavior. At the end of the study, the researcher failed to inform the participants about the true purpose of the study. This researcher has failed to conduct an a. cost-benefit analysis b. simulation study c. debriefing d. role-playing evaluation |
C |
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One problem with the use of informed consent is a. providing too much information could invalidate the results of the study b. sample bias due to differences between participants and refusers c. that knowledge of the research will alter participants' behavior d. all of these |
d |
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The Tuskegee Syphilis Study in which individuals were not treated for syphilis in order to examine its long-term effects is an example of violation of which ethical principal in the Belmont Report? |
It is a violation of justice, which is the fairness or equity within a study. This is because they only looked at one minority group (African Americans) rather than many. They also failed to provide treatment, resulting in many deaths. |
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An alternative to using deception is/ are a. a simulation b. a pscyhodrama c. role-playing d. all of the above |
D |
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Jack wants to conduct an experiment on people's perceptions of tattoos. He plans to manipulate the experimental conditions by having participants receive tattoos on their arms. The tattoos will vary in size and color. An ethical review board would most likely be concerned about a. the size and color of the tattoo b. people's perceptions of tattoos c. physical risk to the participants d. the monetary cost of the tattoo |
C |
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Which ethical principal is not in your text but was discussed in lecture and was proposed by Hippocrates and what does this term mean? |
Nonmaleficence, which is the idea of doing no harm. A study may harm a person psychologically, but it did not have the intentions to do so. |
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Name 2 ethical principles that professors and clinicians must abide by discussed in lecture. |
They cannot have dual-relationshiops. For example, a professor cannot be friends with a student because they might be bias and give them good grades. They also must know how to interpret intelligence testing |
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Ethics can be traced back to this ancient civilization |
Greeks had the idea of ethics |
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What criteria allows some studies to be exempt from the IRB approval? |
If a study has no harm then it does not need IRB approval. This would be surveys and questionnaires. If the research is part of a class then it doesn't need approval, unless you want to present it somewhere. |
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What is the IRB called at ECSU and do you need to have approval for your project? |
CUHSR is the IRB at CSU, and they only need to approve research that intends to be published or presented at a conference to ensure the study had no harm and was just/fair |
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The survey method a. provides information of how people think and behave at a given point in time b. allows researchers to study if relationships among variables have changed over time c. complements experimental research findings d. all of the above |
D |
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When Carl responds to the questions on a survey, he answers in a way that would reflect most favorably on him. Carl's behavior best illustrates a. social feedback b. social acquiescence c. social desirability d. feedback response |
C |
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Do you agree that male teenage drivers are more dangerous than female teenage drivers? is an example of a ____ question |
Loaded |
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The Wayne city council members should not be allowed to vote on increases in their pay is an example of a _____ question |
negative wording |
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residents of the city should spent more money on parks and road improvements is an example of a _____ question |
double-barreled |
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Close-ended questions a. give a fixed number of response alternatives b. are easy to code c. may be too limiting for respondents d. all of the above |
D |
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Open-ended questions are more ____ than close-ended questions a. time consuming to code b. expensive to analyze c. useful when one needs to know what people are thinking d. all of the above |
D because open-ended questions are time consuming because there are variations in responses, not everyone answers the same way, and sometimes it's hard to categorize responses for coding |
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Students are asked to evaluate the food sold in the university cafeteria on 7-point scales with bipolar adjectives such as poor-good, and inexpensive-expensive. These measures represent what type of scale? a. graphic rating b. comparative rating c. semantic differential d. behavioral measure |
C |
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In general, the lower the response rate for a survey the ____ and lower _____ a. more likely biases exist to distort the findings; internal validity b. more likely biases exist to distort the findings; external validity c. more likely biases exist to distort the findings; both internal and external validity d. all of the above |
b |
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Which of the following is not a potential problem with surveys? a. interviewer bias b. response sets c. improper sampling d. all are potential problems |
D |
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In order to study changes in answers to survey questions over time, a researcher could use a: a. panel study b. wave analysis c. case study d. archival study |
A |
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____ indicates the amount of deviation (+/-) in results obtained from a sample compared to the true population value a. reliability b. validity c. confidence interval d. sampling error |
D |
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Questionnaires, in contrast to interviews are, a. less expensive b. less motivating c. more anonymous d. all of these |
D |
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Name the 3 types of information usually collected from surveys with examples of each. |
There are attitudes and beliefs, which is how someone feels about something, like a certain restaurant. Facts and demographics are just that--they ask people about age, ethnicity, sex, etc. Behaviors ask about peoples' behaviors, which an example would be, on average, how many times a week do you floss? |
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Another term for participants in a survey is ____ |
respondents |
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With probability sampling techniques, each member of the population has an ____ probability of being sampled a. equal b. haphazard c. specifiable d. significant |
C |
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Sarah stands outside of a grocery store on the west side of town and surveys exiting shoppers about their preference for frozen deserts. What type of sampling technique does Sarah's survey represent? a. probability b. non-probability c. stratified random d. simple random |
B |
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The chair of the Psychology department is interested in Psychology major's attitudes toward implementing an internship as a requirement for completion of the degree. She obtains a list of all the students who are psychology majors, randomly selects 100, and surveys all of the selected students. What type of sampling technique has she employed? a. simple random sample b. stratified random sample c. class samle d. haphazard sample |
A. |
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If you want to assess presidential candidate preferences of Maricopa County registered voters classified by social class and age, you might randomly select voters from each subgroup according to their proportion in the entire county. This sampling technique is called ____ sampling a. quota b. cluster c. simple random d. stratified random |
D. |
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A _____ is a listing of all elements in the population |
Sampling frame |
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Emily is studying the effect of physical appearance on the likelihood to vote for a female candidate using volunteers from an introductory psychology class. Emily sampling technique best represents a _____ sample |
convenience |
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The city council wants to examine their citizens' feelings about allowing dogs on the city beaches. They construct a list of all blocks in the city and randomly select 20% of the blocks to sample. They then survey all residents of the selected city blocks. This sampling strategy is an example of which of the following sampling techniques? |
Cluster sampling |
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What can you say about the internal validity of survey research? |
Internal validity is low because there is no experimental control, so you cannot make causal statements. There may be confounds which affects the results of the study |
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What can we say about external validity of survey research? |
There is low artificiality because it is not implemented in a scientific lab, but there is also low control. Having low artificiality means that it is more generalizable because it reflects the real world |
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Quantitative techniques use ___ descriptions while qualitative techniques use ____ descriptions |
numerical ; word |
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How can qualitative and quantitative research supplement each other? |
Qualitative data alone might not have the best reliability, while quantitative data alone only provides numbers and not any explanations. They supplement each other by allowing a researcher to describe findings that may be quantitative in nature. |
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Dr. Silverman is interested in the daily activities of a group of 4th graders. He asks the children to indicate the amount of time per day they spend watching television, playing video games, and studying. This type of data gathering technique would be an example of an ____ approach. a. organizational b. quantitative c. qualitative d. experiential |
B |
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a researcher wants to gather information on citizens' feelings about the building of a new school in their neighborhood. She gathers group of citizens and engages them in a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed school. The type of data gathering would best be referred to as a _____ approach. a. organization b. quantitative c. qualitative d. experiential |
C |
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Discuss one of the example of movies we discussed in class that exemplifies the problem of objectivity with participant observation? |
Never Been Kissed is a movie where objectivity goes out the window. Drew Barrymore was doing an expose piece on high schools by actually enrolling as a student but loses her objectivity when she gains a romantic interest. This can skew how she looks at things and makes her biased, which ruins her qualitative observations. |
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Data in naturalistic observation studies are most likely to be: a. quantitative b. qualitative c. unreliable d. nonempirical |
B. |
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Dr. P, who belongs to Alcoholics Anonymous conducts naturalistic observation research during AA meetings. Dr. P is a ____ observer a. nonparticipant b. participant c. concealed d. nonconcealed |
B |
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Naturalistic observation is less useful than other methods for a. investigating complex social settings b. developing theories based on observation c. making observations in a natural setting over an extended period of time d. studying well-defined hypotheses under precisely specified conditions |
D |
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What can you say about the internal and external validity in naturalistic observation? |
The external validity, or ability to generalize data, is high because there is no artificiality. The internal validity, or the researcher's ability to say the IV caused the DV is low because there is no control, which makes confounds an issue |
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What is the key difference between systematic and naturalistic observation? |
Systematic observation is observing a specific behavior in a particular setting. While naturalistic observation is in a natural setting over a period of time. Systematic may involve some manipulation and then observing its effect on behavior, too. |
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What example did we discuss in class that exemplifies systematic observation that is a classic study in psychology and how does it meet this criteria? |
The Bobo doll experiment by Bandura is a systematic observation because it is a specific behavior in a particular setting. Bandura made kids watch a video, and then observed kids' reactions/ behaviors towards the Bobo doll. |
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In a systematic observation study two different people use the coding system to analyze the same video tape. The level of agreement between the two observers is then determined. This activity addresses which type of ____ reliability |
inter-rater |
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The use of hidden cameras to record the license plate numbers of drivers who fail to obey traffic signals results in ____ by the driver a. less reactance b. greater reactance c. less reliability d. greater reliability |
A |
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Bebe observes a child's behavior after he has watched 15 minutes of violent cartoons. She codes the child's behavior every 30 seconds according to whether he hits, kicks, pushes, or bites another child. This observational technique can best be described as ____ observation |
systematic |
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A two-year account of the progress of a manic-depressive patient who is undergoing psychiatric care is an example of a _____ _____ |
case study |
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Harvey examines baseball records to determine whether National league teams who play the final game of the World Series at home lose more often than American league Teams. Harvey is using which of the following archival research approaches? a. survey archives b. statistical records c. self-report d. anthropological data |
B |
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What is a content analysis study with an example? |
Content analysis is a systematic analysis of a text to look for common themes and can involve key-word analysis or qualitative/counting the words. An example would be looking at the number of sexual references between 1970 until now in movies. The researcher would just count the number of references. |
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Give 2 examples of case study research. |
A psychological case study would be Sybil, the woman who had dissociative identity disorder due to her mother's abuse. A case study has also been done in the case of a jet liner that crashed and upon further examination people found those specific jetliners were prone to malfunctions due to a faulty part. |
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What is meant by coding qualitative data and why is it so time consuming? |
Coding is finding common words in qualitative data. It is so time consuming because it requires categorizing open-ended questions. Some words might not be able to be categorized either. |
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When are case studies useful for research? |
They are useful when trying to understand a rare or unusual condition in a person. Potential treatments found might be able to generalize to people with similar conditions. |
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A researcher decides to conduct a systematic observational study on parking behavior at the Eastbrook Mall on Saturday during the Christmas Holiday. How might they improve external validity for this study? |
External validity, or the ability to generalize data to a larger population, can be improved by going to different malls. One mall might be busier than another but the researcher wouldn't know going to only one mall. Also going at different times on different days might help. Observing parking behavior after Halloween (start of the Christmas season), Black Friday, and days approaching Christmas might help. The researcher could also just try different holidays altogether to see if there is a change in behavior. |
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A researcher wants to examine the effect of room temperature on task performance. She places one group of participants in a room that is 54 degrees and a second group that in a room that is 72 degrees. She then measures the amount of time it takes each group to complete an identical task. This design would best represent an _______ design |
independent group |
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What is a confound? How does it affect the results of the experiment? |
A confound is a variable that varies with the IV. This happens when there is no experimental control, which limits the researcher's ability to determine which variable (the confound or the IV) is responsible for the effect on the DV. This, in turn, affects the results of the experiment because the researcher could be wrong about causation. |
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An experiment has internal validity when: a. the dependent variable is measured reliably. b. the dependent variable is valid c. only the independent variable could have caused the results d. the independent variable is strongly manipulated |
C |
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A researcher wants to find out whether gross motor coordination is better in the morning or in the afternoon. To measure coordination, participants balance a book on their heads first in the morning and then in the afternoon. What is confounded with the independent variable? a. practice is confounded with the time of day b. practice is confounded with participants. c. participants aren't matched d. all of the above |
A |
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A graduate student randomly assigns students in a class to taste either Coke or Pepsi. Students rate their liking for the soda on a scale from 1 to 10. This is an example of an _____ design |
posttest-only |
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Name one problem with the pretest-posttest design. Why is it a problem? |
It's a problem because participants can become sensitized to what researchers are studying, which means they can figure out what the study is about. This allows for reactivity in the experiment and then researchers cannot generalize the results of the experiment because of the change in behavior. |
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To make sure that participants in all conditions of an experiment are equivalent the researcher may: a. match the participants b. use a repeated measure design c. randomly assign a sufficient number of participants to the conditions d. all of the above |
D |
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Mortality refers to the fact that participants sometimes a. cheat on questionnaires b. refuse to participate in an experiment c. drop out of an experiment d. none of the above |
C |
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A research psychologist has participants serve as their own control group by having them take part in every condition of the study. This experimental approach is also called a _______ |
repeated measures design |
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Which of the following is an advantage to using repeated measure designs over independent groups design? a. a repeated measures design requires more participants than independent groups b. a repeated measures design is less likely to detect the effect of the independent variable c. the researcher has greater control over participant differences d. a repeated measures design decreases the likelihood of an order effect |
C |
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A researcher wants to find out how much fins increase swimming speed. This hypothesis could be tested with a counterbalanced repeated measures design by: a. randomly assigning half the swimmers to the no-fin condition and half to the fin condition b. having all swimmers first swim with fins, then swim without fins c. having half the swimmers first swim without fins and then with fins, and the other half swim first with fins and then without fins d. none of the above |
C |
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Matched pairs random assignment is used when: a. it is too expensive to use simple random assignment b. an investigator wants to match participants on two variables c. a researcher wants to ensure that independent groups are equivalent on some participant characteristics d. a nonexperimental design restricts the population of participants |
C |
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Which one of the following is not a type of order effect? a. reactive effect b. practice effect c. fatigue effect d. contrast effect |
A |
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Improvement of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect. However, deterioration of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a ______ effect |
practice ; fatigue |
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If a greater percentage of heart surgeons than skin doctors are sued for malpractice, can it be concluded that heart surgeons are less competent than skin doctors? a. Yes, if the difference is statistically significant b. yes, if the same number of heart and skin doctors are being compared c. no, because being sued is confounded with the potential risk of the doctor's work d. no, because there are more surgeons than skin doctors |
C |
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You studied the same people when they were 7, 14, 21, and 28 years old. You have used the _____ method |
longitudinal |
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You go to several elementary schools where you test students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. You have used the _____ method |
cross-secional |
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Which is the more common method: longitudinal or cross-sectional? a. longitudinal because it is less expensive b. cross-sectional because it is less expensive c. longitudinal because the results are obtained relatively quickly d. cross-sectional because the results are obtained over longer periods of time |
B |
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A researcher studies one group of children when they are 3, 6, and 9 years old and another group of children when they are 9, 12, and 15 years old. The researcher has used the ____ method |
sequential |
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In developmental research, a _____ is a group of people born at about the same time. |
Cohort |
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Name and briefly define in your own words the 3 conditions necessary to establish cause and effect in an experiment. |
Temporal precedence lets the researcher know the order of variables was cause then effect. Covariation of cause and effect says when cause is present, effect occurs but when cause is not present, effect doesn't occur. Alternative explanations makes sure that there are no other explanations for the relationship between the variables. |
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Explain the volunteer bias |
This is when there is a systematic error because the participants of the study chose to participate or volunteer in the study |
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A psychologist is interested in the effect of physical attractiveness on ratings of punishment assigned to a driver in an automobile accident. Participants read an account of the accident and received a written description of a physically attractive or unattractive defendant. The manipulation of attractiveness would be an example of _____ manipulation |
straightforward |
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A researcher has a confederate drop a stack of papers in front of one person or a group of people. She then measures the amount of time it takes for the confederate to receive help in picking up the papers. The manipulation employed in this experiment would be an example of a _____ manipulation |
staged |
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Which one of the following is a common reason for using a staged manipulation? The researcher desires to: a. avoid order effects b. incorporate practice effects into the study c. eliminate demand characteristics d. simulate a real-world simulation |
D |
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Strong manipulations are used to ____ the effect of the ____ variable |
maximize; independent |
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A researcher examined the effect of lighting on learning. Randomly assigned participants learned material while using a 100-watt or a 125-watt bulb. There were no differences between the two groups. The nonsignificant results may have occurred because of: a. a costly measure of learning b. insufficient strength of manipulation c. selection differences d. all of these |
B |
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Using the strongest possible manipulation: a. is particularly important in the early stages of research b. may be ethically impractical c. may involve a situation that rarely occurs in the real world d. all of these |
D |
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An important reason NOT to use the strongest manipulation possible is that it may: a. result in nonsignificant findings b. cause a ceiling effect c. create a situation grossly different from a real world situation d. invalidate previous research already published in scientific journals |
C |
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A researcher who measures the speed of helping in an emergency using a ___ measure |
behavioral |
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Which physiological measure is frequently used to measure muscle tension and stress? A. GSR (galvanic skin response) b. EMG (electromyogram) c. EEG (electroencephalogram) d. fMRI (functional MRI) |
B |
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Explain how the GSR works to measure stress |
GSR or galvanic skin response measure emotional arousal and anxiety by measuring the electrical conductance of the skin, which increases when a person sweats. Sweating can occur as a result of anxiety or stress, so they are connected |
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A researcher wants to examine the effect of noise level on reading comprehension. He finds that regardless of the noise level, all participants tested received the maximum scores for their performance. The results may be due to a ____ effect |
Ceiling |
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Rachel is interested in math skills of boys versus girls in the sixth grade. She administers a series of math problems to both group sand asks them to solve as many problems as they can within a 15-minute period. She finds that both groups were only able to answer 2% of the problems. Rachel's results may be due to a _____ effect |
floor |
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why would an investigator use more than one dependent measure? a. it is useful to know if the IV affects some measures but not others. b. It increases the complexity of the design and looks more impressive. c. it eliminates the problem of demand characteristics d. all of these |
A |
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In an experimental study on gender bias in hiring, after being presented with the stimulus materials, participants were able to determine the purpose of the study. This problem is an example of a. experimenter expectancy b. a floor effect c. deception d. a demand characteristics |
D |
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In a study examining the effect of appearance on judgments of criminal behavior, a researcher asks questions about the surroundings and the victim in order to disguise the dependent measures in the study. These unrelated questions are referred to as a. independent measures b. filler items c. task measures d placebo measures |
b |
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Without informing them, a researcher assigns participants to either an experimental or placebo group. The researcher's assistants who test the participants do not know who belongs in which group. The experiment has used a a. single-blind technique b. double-blind technique c. strong experimental manipulation d. behavioral measure |
B |
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When participants are not aware of whether they are in the experimental or control condition, the researcher has used a ____ technique a single-blind b. reliable c. sensitive d. all of these |
A |
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What is the purpose of a pilot study? a. it serves to discover problems in the procedure b. a manipulation check in the pilot can assure that the independent variable manipulation has the intended effect c. the experimenters can practice their roles d. all of these |
D |
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A researcher may design an experiment with more than 2 levels of the IV because a. it may be difficult to provide information about the exact relationship between the iV and DV b. with only two levels of the iV a curvilinear relationship cannot be detected c. Researchers are often interested in comparing more than 2 groups d. all of the above. |
D |
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A study that uses both manipulated and demographic variables in a factorial design can be identified as a a. mixed design. b. IV x PV c. 2 x 2 factorial d. multiple correlation |
B |
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In a 2 x 2 factorial design there are ____ IVs, ____ DVs, and _____ experimental conditions |
2; 1; 4 |
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What is a mixed factorial design? |
This is when there is a mixture of an independent groups design and a repeated measures design |
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A study involves a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial design? How many factors are being studied, how many levels does each IV have, and how many experimental conditions are there? |
3 factors being studied, Factor 1 has 2 levels, Factor 2 has 3 levels and factor 3 has 2 levels. There are 12 experimental conditions total. |
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A factor is also known as a(n) _______ ______ |
independent variable |
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Provide an example of a PV |
A participant variable could be personality. This cannot be manipulated. It can be divided by types as well, like type a or B, or c |
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Which one of the following is not a type of program evaluation research? a. needs assessment b. process evaluation c. outcome evaluation d. participants evaluation |
D |
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A program is designed to address the problem of Venetian refugees in Oak Hills. However it was discovered there were no Venetian refugees living in Oak Hills. Had this program been comprehensively evaluated, this fact would have been discovered during a _____ evaluation |
needs assessment |
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When researchers, service providers, and prospective clients collaborate to ensure that a program does in fact address the needs of a target population in appropriate ways this is known as a(n) _____ evaluation |
process |
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A program is designed to reduce gang violence. A comprehensive evaluation determining whether a reduction in gang violence is due to the program or some other factor would occur in a(n) _____ evaluation |
Outcome |
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How are program evaluations examples of quasi-experimental designs? |
They are quasi-experimental designs because they are not done in a laboratory setting, but rather in the real world. The sample has not been randomly selected from a population because the sample is already a group, and the program is what's being manipulated to see if it's effective or not |
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According to your text, what is not a quasi-experimental design? a. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design b. program evaluation c. interrupted time series design d. none of the above |
D |
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Name any of the problems discussed with using a prestest-posttest design discussed in lecture. |
There is a problem with testing because a person could be aware of what the experiment is about due to the pretest, which can be fixed with a bigger time gap. |
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What is a benefit to using a pretest-posttest design? |
It allows a person to compare results against themselves and act as their own control group. |
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Using a group of cancer patients as participants is useful but limits ______ validity |
internal because they are not randomly selected since they already exist and are not in an experimentally controlled setting, which allows for confounds |
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An advantage of the ABAB reversal design over the ABA design is that a. is less expensive b. allows for fewer alternative explanations for the results c. can be done with groups d. none of the above |
B |
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In the reversal design, ABAB the second B is necessary to rule out a. carry over effects b. correlational variables c. chance fluctuations d. baseline changes |
C |
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According to your text, which of the following is true with regard to single subject designs a. it may be difficult to generalize results b. manipulations may be effective in changing behavior of some subjects but not others c. complex statistical analyses are not required d. all of the abaove |
D |
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What can you say about the internal and external validity of quasi-experimental designs? |
Internal validity is low because there is not a level of experimental control since it's out in the field. This allows for confounds and skews data. External validity allows for a more real world setting and can then be more generalizable unless it is a single subject design. |
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What can you say about the external validity of the single subject designs? |
It is low because you are only examining one person, which does not allow for data to be generalized to a population. |
