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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the diamond shaped area between the thighs is called the?
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perineum
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many structures of the reproductive system are located in the? others are located in the?
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pelvis; perineum
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the perineum is bordered by the
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pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx
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urogenital triangle is located?
contains? what is opposite of this triangle? |
anterior;
contains the urethral and vaginal orifices in females and base of the scrotum in males anal triangle is posterior to urogenital triangle |
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the anterior region of the perineum is called?
the posterior is called the? |
urogenital triangle
anal triangle |
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sperm consist of?
where are they housed? why? |
a head capped with an acrosome
a tail packed with mitochondria housed outside of the body in the scrotum because they cannot develop normally at the high temps of the body |
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how does the scrotum regulate its temperature?
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by contracting the dartos and cremaster muscles
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the wall of the scrotum contains what type of muscles?
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dartos muscle
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the cremaster muscle is part of what?
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the spermatic cord
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the spermatic cord contains what muscles?
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cremaster muscles
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semen analysis analyzes what three aspects of sperm?
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sperm count (sperm per cc)
sperm motility (percent moving) sperm morphology |
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the testies include what 4 major parts?
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seminiferous tubules, rete testies, efferent ducts, and epididymis
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what is this?
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testes
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where is the sight of spermatogenesis?
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seminiferous tubules
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the seminiferous tubules are packed how and into where? what occurs here?
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hundres of highly coiled 2 foot long tubes packed into tunica al/bug/in/ea
spermatogenesis |
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what collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules?
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rete testis
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what is the function of efferent ducts?
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carry sperm to the epididymis
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what is the epididymis?
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4m coiled tube alongside the testis;
stores and matures sperm |
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what stores sperm? where does sperm mature?
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epididymis of the testies
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what is this a picture of?
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part of a seminiferous tubule
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steps of spermatogenesis. how long does it take?
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one month
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failure of the testes to descend is called?
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crypto/rich/idism
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where does mature sperm exit? where does it enter?
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exits the epididymis
enters the vas deferens |
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spermatic cord is?
carries? |
series of muscle and fascial layers
carries vas deferens, testicular artery, and vein |
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the oblique channel through the abdominal body wall is called the? what passes through this channel?
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inguinal canal
spermatic cord |
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Where is vas deferens path? where does it extend?
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vas deferens travels within the pelvic cavity
from the inguinal canal to the prostate gland |
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how is the ejaculatory duct constucted?
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ampulla of vas deferens + proximal region of seminal vesicle
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ampulla of vas deferens + proximal region of seminal vesicle
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ejaculatory duct
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what secrete seminal fluid?
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seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
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seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands secrete what?
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seminal fluid
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semen is made of
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seminal fluid and sperm mixed
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sperm + seminal fluid=
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semen
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seminal vesicles secrete what?
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seminal fluid and two viscous fluids"
fructose and prostaglandins |
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what does fructose do?
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nourish sperm in the reproductive tract
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what does prostaglandins do?
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dilates the cervix
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where is the seminal vesicles?
what does it join? |
posterior to the bladder
joins with vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct |
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the walnut shaped gland inferior to the bladder is called the?
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prostate gland
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the prostate gland secretes what? what are each for?
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seminal fluid
citric acid for nourishment seminal plasmin --an antibiotic that combats UTIs prostate-specific antigen (PSA)--liquefies semen after ejaculations |
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what gland is located in the urogenital diaphragm next to the membranous urethra?
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Bulbourethral gland
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what is another name for bulbourethral gland?
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cowper's gland
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where does the bulbourethral gland project into?
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the base of the penis and enters the spongy urethra
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the bulbourethral gland secretes what? what is the function?
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seminal fluid
mucin-protects urethra and serves as lunricant during sex |
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semen is a mixture of what? primarily what?
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alkaline mixture of sperm and glandular secrectionss
the volume is largely due to seminal fluid |
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why is semen alkaline?
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to protect sperm from the acidic secretions of the vagina
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semen is given a specific name during a specific time?
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when released during intercourse
semen is called the ejaculate |
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how much is each ejaculate? contains what?
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3-5mL
200-500 million spermatozoa |
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average amount of time from seminiferous tubule to ejaculate? how long can it be retained? what happens after this time?
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2 weeks.
6mos before resorption |
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what is this? what are its different parts? what does it do?
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urethra.
prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra transports semen from ejaculatory duct |
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what is the penis composed of?
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three primary erectile tissue bodies
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what are the three primary erectile tissue bodies?
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corpus cavernosum
corpus spongiosum prepuce |
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what is the cavernosum? where does it end?
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paired masses on the anterior surface of the flaccid penis
ends in a crus internally |
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what is the surface of the flaccid penis called?
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the body
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corpus spongiosum is what and where?
indernally forms what? its expanded distal end is called what? what does this distal end contain? |
single mass surrounding the urethra on the posterior side of the flaccid penis
internally forms the bulb glans containing external urethral orifice |
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the prepuce is also known as
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foreskin
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corpus spongiosum contains what muscle?
corpus cavernosa contains what muscle? these muscles of the ______ do what? |
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus muscles of the penis that expell semen |
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what is this? what is the purpose?
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The rectovesical pouch is a potential space formed between the rectum and bladder/seminal vesicles
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The female reproductive system is collectively called?
what are the 6 parts? |
vulva;
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, prepuce, vestibule |
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what is the mons pubis?
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expanse of skin and subcutaneous tissue anterior to the pubic symphysis
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what is the labia majora
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paired, thickened folds of skin, sebaceous glands, and CT
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what is labia minora
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paired, highly vascular folds with sebaceous glands and melanocytes
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what is the clitoris?
body is composed of? contains? |
small erectile body anterior to labia minora
paired crura (crus singular) body composed of corpus cavernosum glans of corpus spongiosum |
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what is prepuce?
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fold of labia minora covering the clitorus
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what is the vestibule? what does it contain?
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potential space between labia minora
urethral opening and vaginal orifice bulbs of the vestibule and greater vestibular glands |
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internal structures of the vulva include?
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clitoris and bulb of vestibule
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the bulb of vestibule composed of?
located where? form what? covered by what? |
paired structures composed of corpus spongiosum
deep to the labia and form the internal walls of the vestibule covered by the same muscles of the male |
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what are the paired sex organs of females? what happens here?
anchored to the ______ via_____ which is a _______ anchored to the ______ via________ |
ovaries; site of oocyte development
anchored to the body wall via broad ligament which is a sheet of peritoneum anchored to the uterus via ovarian ligament |
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the uterine tubes are also known as?
project from the ____ with _______ |
fallopian tubes
which project from the uterus with infundibulum |
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what is the infundibulum?
what projects from it? |
-an opening at the distal end of the uterine tubes
-long folds called fimbriae |
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what is this?
how is it described? anchored anteriorly by? subdivided into what? |
the uterus;
pear shaped and muscular organ anchored anteriorly by round ligament of the uterus subdivided into the fundus, body, cervix, and cervical os |
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what is the fundus
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anterosuperior end of the uterus
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what is the uterine body?
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the long, narrowing portion of the uterus leading to the cervix
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the cervix is what?
contains what? |
the inferior neck of the uterus projecting into the vagina
contains the cervical os |
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what is the cervical os?
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the opening to the vagina
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the uterus has three layers, what are they?
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perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
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what is the perimetrium
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peritoneum and underlying CT continuous with broad ligament
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what is myometrium
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thick layer of smooth muscle
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what is endometrium
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simple columnar epithelium with underlying CT
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what is this? what is it composed of? lined by?
where is it located? what does it open up into? |
vagina; elastic tube with SM in wall lined by stratified squamous epithelium
located btwn urinary bladder (anterior) and rectum (posterior) opens into the vestibule |
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projection of cervix into vagina creates what?
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anterior and posterior fornix
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what is this? which is?
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The rectouterine pouch is a potential space formed between the rectum and uterus
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what are mammary glands?
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Compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland located within the anterior thoracic wall
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mammory glands are divided into _____ separated by ____ and supported by the _______;
located near ___________ducts and sinuses |
lobes;
adipose tissue; suspensory ligaments; lactiferous ducts and lactiferous sinuses |
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function of lactiferous ducts?
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drains milk from tissue of each lobe
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what are lactiferous sinuses?
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expanded end of lactiferous ducts near the nipple
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what is this?
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Drawing of the gross anatomy of the lactating breast based on ultrasound observations made of the milk duct system and distribution of different tissues within the breast.
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smaller lactiferous ducts converge into what? arranged how?
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about 10 main milk ducts arranged in a complex overlapping structure
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milk exits breast thru
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tiny holes in the nipple
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the nipple is a _______ surrounded by the pigmented structure ______
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raised structure surrounded by the pigmented areola
sinuses probably do not exist |
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male and female fetuses are the same until _________ when genetalia develop from a series of ________.
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about 6 weeks.
genital folds |
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at 6 weeks, release of _____ causes _______ to develop.
external genitalia begin to develop around ______weeks |
TDF. testes. 9.
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what are the 5 major homologies?
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box was the anus!!!
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Nonpregnant females exhibit a series of _________________ that affect the __________.
Each cycle takes about ___________ |
cyclical changes in hormone levels;
ovaries and uterus; a month (~28 days). |
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non pregnant women have how many cycles? what are they?
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two concurrent cycles;
ovarian and uterine cycles |
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the ovarian cycle is?
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a series of changes in ovaries leading up to and following ovulation
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the uterine cycle is? aka?
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a series of changes in the endometrial layer of the uterus in preparation for a fertilized ovum
aka menstral cycle |
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The ovaries consist of what 3 major parts?
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tunica albuginea
primordial follicles primary follicles secondary follicles mature follicles |
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tunica albuginea is what?
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one of outer layers surrounding the ovary
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primordial follicles are?
found near what? what stage? |
primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells
found near outer surface of ovary smallest stage |
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primary follicles are?
surrounded by? encased in a dark coating called? |
primary oocytes
surrounded by many small granulosa cells encased in zona pellucida |
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tunica albuginea
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primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of flat follicular cells
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primary oocytes surrounded by many, small granulosa cells and encased in a dark coating called the zona pellucida
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how is a secondary follicle formed?
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granulosa cells secrete fluid creating an antrum around primary oocyte
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what is a mature follicle? aka?
what happens to the primary oocyte? what surrounds the oocyte? what does this adhere to? |
largest and final stage formed just before ovulation;
aka Graafian follicle; primary oocyte develops into a haploid secondary oocyte; layer of cells called corona radiata surround oocyte and adheres to the zona pellucida |
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what is this? what is the space called? how is it formed?
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secondary follicle
antrum granulosa cells secrete a fluid to create it |
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what is this?
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mature follicle with haplid secondary oocyte
corona radiata zona pellucida |
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at any given time, what will be found within a histological section of an ovary?
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multiple stages of oocyte development/ovarian cycle
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at puberty, the hypothalamus releases what in females? which stimulates what?
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GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
stimulating the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH |
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what hormones does the anterior pituitary release?
in response to what? |
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone) in response to GnRH (gonadotropin releaseing hormone) |
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what does the release of FSH and LH cause?
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primary follicles to mature into secondary follicles
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monthly ovarian cycle is caused by what?
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cyclical variation in FSH and LH levels
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What are the Three components of the ovarian cycle?
what are the days associated with each component and what happens during each stage |
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ovulation occurs when?
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day 14
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describe ovulation:
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primordial follicle
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primary follicle
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secondary follicle
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secondary follicle
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mature follicle
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corpus luteum
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The Uterus has three major layers
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perimetrium
myometrium endometrium |
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endometrium of the uterus has two parts that develop differently during the uterine phase
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stratum functionalis
stratum basalis |
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stratum functionalis lines what?
built ip when? sheds when? |
lines the uterine cavity
is bulit up during the proliferative phase shed during menstration |
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outer surface of stratum functionalis is made up of what?
becomes highly _____________ contains what? |
simple columnar epithelium
vascularized special endometrial glands |
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stratum basalis is what?
function? |
permanent layer of cells
replaces stratum functionalis after each menstration |
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day one of the uterine cycle consists of?
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menstrual phase
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what happens during the menstral phase?
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previous lining of endometrium is discharged through the vagina
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what are the three phases of the uterine cycle?
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menstrual phase
proliferative/preovulatory phase secretory/postovulatory phase |
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the proliferative /preovulatory phase is stimulated by what?
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estrogen begins rebuilding of endometrium
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secretory/postovulatory phase is stimulated by what?
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progesterone and estrogen promotes vascularization and thickening of endometrium
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endometrium during secretory phase
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Thus the ontogeny for maleness is a complex and precarious process – a continuing struggle against the basic trend toward femaleness – Imperato-McGinley and Peterson
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Thus the ontogeny for maleness is a complex and precarious process – a continuing struggle against the basic trend toward femaleness – Imperato-McGinley and Peterson
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androgen insensitivity syndrome
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androgen insensitivity syndrome
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-Genetic sex: XY
- Phenotypic/Psychosocial sex: Female - Normal to high testosterone circulates, but cannot bind to cytoplasmic receptors – hence ‘insensitive’ to testosterone during development |
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syphilis aka
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the pox
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syphilis
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HPV
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human papilloma virus
get warts |
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herpes
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lesions found on shaft of penis
vagina, vulva, or cervix anus |
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chlamydia
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get that everywhere
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gonorrhea
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the clap
slammed books on penis to get rid of discharge hahaha |
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HIV AIDS
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see pf 570-571 in book
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