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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is science?
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- A reasoning process that moves from observation of measureable facts, to the formulation of testable hypotheses, to experimental testing of the hypotheses.
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Empiricism
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the primary source of our knowledge is the physical senses. Ex- doesn't say there are spirits or aren't spirits, only that we can't measure them because they aren't physical.
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Predictability
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The physical world is orderly, existing in stable cause and effect relationships.
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Objectivity
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we can study the physical world outside of us without subjective bias.
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Unity
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The world is unified such that laws which hold in one place, also hold in other similar places.
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Materialism
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The belief that everything in the universe is physical matter. Ex- no such thing as spirits.
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What is the conflict model of science and religion?
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Science and religion are at war with each other
a. Religion is always right. b. Science is always right. |
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What is the Independence model of science and religion?
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Science and religion are different and do not really interact with each other
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What is the completion/integration/complimentary model of science and religion?
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Science and religion complement each other: both ways of thinking are necessary in order to fully understand the world
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Which model of science and religion explains this: Galileo wrote books which supported the view of Copernicus and others that the earth revolves around the sun instead of the eath being the fixed center of the universe. When questioned by the Church, Galileo insisted that science is no threat to the Church. He said, "Religion and the Bible tells you how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go."
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Independence Model: Religion and science operate in two separate and mutually exclusive realities.
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What science/religion model explains this?: Janette Peters is a believing Christian. She has organized a group to create a museum across from the local college to demonstrate to students key differences betweent he creation stories in the Christian Bible and the theory of biological evolution. She wants students to know that the theory of biological evolution is wrong since it cannot be found in the Bible.
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Conflict model: Science and religion are always in conflict, but Religion trumps science.
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"Religion is the recognition of all our [ethical] duties as divine commands."
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Immanuel Kant
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"Religion is the belief in an ever-living God, that is, in a Divine Mind and Will ruling the Universe and holding moral relations with mankind."
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James Martineau
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What is a criticism of this quote and who said it?:
"Religion is the belief in an ever-living God, that is, in a Divine Mind and Will ruling the Universe and holding moral relations with mankind." |
□ Criticism: This definition is too specific. It privileges theism and ignores polytheistic and other nontheistic religions.
James Martineau |
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"Religion is that which grows out of, and gives expression to, experience of the holy in its various aspects."
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Rudolf Otto
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What is a criticism of this quote and who said it?:
"Religion is that which grows out of, and gives expression to, experience of the holy in its various aspects." |
This definition is too focused on feelings and emotions and ignores cognitive beliefs, behavior, and ritual.
Rudolf Otto |
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What did Rudolf Otto mean by, "The Holy"?
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"THE HOLY" - believed that there is a universal human experience of the holy.
1) The Holy is fascinating and attracts attention 2) Fearful |
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"Religion is an infantile illusion": adult human beings cope with their impotence in the face of hostile nature, suffering, and death, by remembering their childhood feelings of safety and protection, and projecting an imaginary super-parent on whom they can rely to protect them from harm.
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Sigmund Freud
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"Religion is the state of being grasped by an ultimate concern, a concern which qualifies all other concerns as preliminary and which itself contains the answer to the question of the meaning of our life."
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Paul Tillich
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What is a criticism of this quote and who said it?:
"Religion is the state of being grasped by an ultimate concern, a concern which qualifies all other concerns as preliminary and which itself contains the answer to the question of the meaning of our life." |
Too general allowing anything to qualify as religion.
Paul Tillich |
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"Religion centers upon an awareness and response to a reality that transcends ourselves and our world whether the 'direction' of transcendence be beyond or within or both… This object is characterized more generally as a cosmic power, or more specifically as a personal God."
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John Hick
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[Religion is a realistic story created and disseminated by the wealthy and powerful to justify the status quo to the poor and weak.] "Religion is the sign of the oppressed creature…. The opiate of the masses."
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Karl Marx
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"Religion is that system of activities and beliefs directed toward and in response to that which is perceived to be of sacred value and transforming power."
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James Livingston
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"Religion is a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in people by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic."
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Clifford Geertz
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What are some criteria for assessing different definitions of religion (3 things).
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1) Distinctiveness (how is religion different from other cultural forms/activities?)
□ Avoid vagueness 2) Generality (can the definition apply to any religion one encounters?) □ Avoid narrowness 3) Avoid being prejudicial (like Marx and Freud) |
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What does Geertz mean by "conceptions of a general order of existence"?
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A comprehensive way of looking at and thinking about the world and how things intertwine.
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What does "unreflective experience" mean?
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Being brought up in a tradition and believing it as simply true
Ex- Christians, Jews, Muslims: God is the creator of the world and humans should live their lives in obedience and relationship with God the Creator |
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What does "reflective experience" mean?
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Usually prompted by encountering someone you like who believes something different.
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What is another way of saying, " the sacred"?
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Ultimate Reality
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What is "Axis mundi" and what are some examples?
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"center of the world"
ex- Mount Zion, Golgotha, Ka'ba |
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Mount Zion is located in _________ and is the axis mundi for ____.
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Jerusalem
Jews |
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Golgotha is located in _________ and is the axis mundi for _________.
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Jerusalem
Christians |
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The Ka'Ba is located in ________ and is the axis mundi for _______.
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Mecca
Mulims |
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What are two different Buddhist places of religion?
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Stupa, Pagoda
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What does "Imago Mundi" mean?
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image of an original world order. What it once was and what it could be returned to.
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What is an example of Imago Mundi?
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Garden of Eden-- Christianity, Judaism
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What are two broad examples of sacred time?
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Holidays: birth/death/rebirth cycles/seasons
Ritual Recreations: the creation of time that is different from normal, profane, time |
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Religious ritual
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an agreed-on and formalized pattern of ceremonial movements and verbal expressions carried out in a sacred context.
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What is: Life-Cycle Rituals/Rites of Passage?
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assist with individual integration into a society as that person moves through different personal and social stages of development.
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What is a typical sequence for pervasive types of rituals?
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separation-transition-reincorporation
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What does liminal mean?
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Neither here for there. Think threshold.
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What are some examples of social puberty?
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confirmation, bar mitzvah, Rumspringa
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What are some examples of vocational initiation rites?
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tonsure, baptism
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What are some examples of life-crisis rites?
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Exorcisms, prayers for the sick
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What are seasonal rituals?
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Interconnect Individual, community, and cosmos
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What is the origin of written text?
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oral traditions
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Hermeneutics
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The principles and rules for interpreting texts, speeches, symbols.
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What is the purpose of a transformative effect?
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To change us.
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What is an example of interpretive meaning when it comes to written text?
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Christians and Jews looking for meaning in the Bible and Tora.
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What does vocalization and sound mean when it comes to written text?
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making the sounds of the words has the transformative effect.
Examples: quaran |
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Where/what religion does this sacred scripture belong to?:
Vedas |
Indian, Hindu
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Where/what religion does this sacred scripture belong to?:
Upanishads |
Indian, Hindu
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Where/what religion does this sacred scripture belong to?:
Qur'an |
Muslim
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Where/what religion does this sacred scripture belong to?:
Hadith |
Muslim
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Where/what religion does this sacred scripture belong to?:
Torah |
Jewish
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Where/what religion does this sacred scripture belong to?:
Analects |
China, Confucian
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Where/what religion does this sacred scripture belong to?:
I Ching |
China, Confucian
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Sutras
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Buddhist
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Sutra on the four reliances
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(LOOK IN BOOK-- TEST QUESTION)
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Dharma (teaching)
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(teaching)
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Profane
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common, ordinary, experience
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Hierophany
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manifestation of the sacred/holy
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Moses's encounter with God in a bush that is on fire but not being consumed: Is an example of ________.
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Hierophany
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Symbols
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a word, image, place, thing, etc., which mediates the sacred/holy
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Myths
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stories which explain and legitimize a society's basic values, world-view, institutions, and behaviors.
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Doctrines (teachings)
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second order (reflective) conceptual interpretation of first order symbols and myths. (Interpretation of a myth)
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Purity
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a condition of being pure, clean, unblemished
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Impurity
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unclean
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Defilement
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pollution, impurity, dirty
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Translung (transpulmonary pressure)
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-The pressure difference across the lung
- Ptl= Palv- Ppl = Prec -Increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration |
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Ontology
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The logic or structure of being. What does it mean to exist?
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What are "meanings"?
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Beliefs, feelings, emotions, behaviors
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What are systems/networks of meaning?
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Economics, politics, laws, religion
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What does "socially constructed" mean?
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Human societies create meaning, they do not "discover" it. Individuals discover meaning, however.
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We tell stories that justify our meanings
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Cosmology, symbols, religion, (the ultimate)
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The horizon: Epistemological humility
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Epistemological-- The knowledge of logic/reason/meaning
□ "I know that I don't know a lot of other things" Societies have irreconcilably different justifications |
