Range

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Rangeland Management

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Science and art of optimizing the returns from the rangelands

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Rangeland

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•An area that has the capacity to produce forage for livestock and wildlife. •An area that is large, naturally vegetated, most often fenced

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Pasture

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An area that is usually fenced, small, and improved by reseeding, irrigation, and fertilization intended for domestic animals.

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Range Condition

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The state of health of a particular rangeland

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Range trend

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A measure of range condition whether it is providing (going up), stationary, or, deteriorating (going down) condition of the rangeland.

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Range Utilization

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Percent of the current year’s total forage that has been removed from the range area

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Proper use factor

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The percent use that a forage species can stand without much physiological disturbance on the plant.

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Stocking Rate

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The actual number of animal units stocked inside rangeland at any given time that also expressed in animal units per unit area (AU/ha).

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FORAGE

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Plantsbprimarily raised for livestock feed, either consumed through grazing or cut and carried for feedlot feeding

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Live Stock

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Domesticated animals grazing on forag

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FODDER

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Forest plants that are harvested by man or machine for feed lot feeding to the livestock.

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BROWSE

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Animal food that is green and growing.

It is usually referring to the bud or young shoot of a woody plant and it is foraged by the animals.

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Cogonales

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A grassland community predominantly occupied by Cogon(Imperata cylindrica)

General term used in the Philippines to denote or meangrasslands.

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GRAZING CAPACITY

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The number of animal units that a certain rangeland area can effectively support for sufficient forage supply expressed in animal units per unit time.

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RANGE OBJECTIVES

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•To obtain maximum livestock production from rangelands

•To maintain adequate vegetation to preventsoil erosion

•To conserve water and support watershed

•To support wildlife for games and other recreational activities

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Rangeland Management Principle

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•Proper degree of use or utilization of forage

•Proper distribution of livestock for uniform grazing

•Proper timing or season of use of range resources

•Proper species of livestock to graze in the rangeland

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IMPORTANCE OF RANGELAND

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•Support for animal-based industries

•For animal production

•For forage production

•For timber, wildlife and domesticated livestock that are simultaneously produced from the same land

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RANGELAND

-Large

-Not fenced

-Naturally Vegetated

-Intensively Managed

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PASTURELAND

-Small

-Fenced

-Artificially Vegetated

-Extensively Managed

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CLASSIFICATION OF RANGELAND

Range condition and suitability

Purpose of grazing

Vegatation present

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Range condition and Suitability

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Primary range

an area that has adequate vegetation where livestock prefers to graze under minimum or little management

Secondary range

a less accessible and slightly used area when the primary range is over used.

Transitory range

an area that is usually open temporarily because of fireoccurrence and/or other phenomena.

Unsuitable range

refers to rocky areas, ravines, barren areas, et

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Purpose of grazing

Grazing land

a portion of the public domain set aside for raising of livestock.

Communal grazing land

a common area for grazing of domestic livestock by the residents.

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VEGETATION PRESENT

a. Natural grasslanda grassland that is naturally vegetated with grasses.Only 40 species, of about 10,000 species of grasses, areused for forage purposes

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VEGETATION PRESENT

b. Improved permanent grasslanda grassland wherein the botanical composition has beenmodified in favor of more productive species.

Modification activities include:mowing, drainage, fertilization, reseeding, and weed control.

c. Pastureland (artificial grassland or leys)

a cultivated grassland for forage production.

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Vegetative component

Characterized by diversified and transitory vegetative cover Predominant vegetation belongs to the grass andsedge family (Poaceae and Cyperaceae) withcogon (Imperata cylindrica) as the most commongrass species.Our grasslands are often referred to as"cogonales".

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1.Increaser – unpalatable species or obnoxious plants.E.g. Hagonoy , Lantana

2. Decreaser – palatable species.Types of decreaser:

a. Forage – palatable grasses or herbage species.

b. Browse – palatable woody plants.

3. Intermediate species – a substitute species ifpalatable is absent.

E.g. Talahib , Aguingay

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Desired qualities of vegetation

1. Persistent species – a species that has the ability tosurvive and spread by vegetative methods.

2. Aggressive species – a species that has the ability tosurvive from competition with other species.

3. Tolerant species – a species that has the ability torecover from hard grazing and trampling.

4. Drought-resistant species – a species that has the ability to resist drought and high temperature.

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Physical Resources

The physical components of the rangeland ecosystemrefer to the climatic and edaphic elements of thegrassland area where the livestock is raised through grazing and/or soiling

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Topography and the soil physical and chemical properties are often associated with the ability of the rangeland to support vegetative (forage) growth and the extent of soil erosion within the growing sites, in tropical areas, soil-plant-water relations are the most important physical processes that determine the productivity, sustainability and ecological stability of terrestrial ecosystems where rangelands belong.

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Proper Intensity of use This refers to the degree of grazing, which is moderate, overgrazed or undergrazed.

Plants for forage purposes generally thrive when the degree of use is moderate.

Sufficient parts of the plants must be left ungrazed to ensure the continuous growth for future forage supply.

The general rule is to consume 50% and leave 50% pit parts.

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Proper season of use

This involves timing of grazing.

Forage plants generally grow faster during some periods of the season.

Rapid growth of forage species generally occurs during the rainy season.

Animals maybe kept off the grazing area during rapid growth to avoid disturbance on the plants growing points.

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To attain uniformity of grazing, the following should be practiced:

a. Well planned water sources should be established.

b. Well planned divisional fences should be established.

c. Herding of animals to areas not often grazed.

d. Salt distribution should be on economical means of improving livestock distribution.

e. Construction of trails in rough areas.

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Purposes of resting are as follows:

Allow plants to have the opportunity to make and storefood.

Allow seeds to ripen.

Allow seedlings to become established.

Allow litters to accumulate between plants

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Range Management Principles can be drawn by:

✓Kind of livestock

a. Types of Forage

For cattle — prefers grasses and browse on forbs(grasses which are characterized by their lateral branches).

For horse — most selective and prefers grasses and coarse grasses.

For goat — prefers grasses and shrubs (cut andcarry).

For sheep — prefers grasses and shrubs (cut andcarry).

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b. Topography

For cattle — flat and rolling terrain and suited in ridge topography.

For horse — suited to any type of terrain.

For goat and sheep — flat and rolling areas.

c. Timber reproduction — affected by trampling of seedlings by the animals which eventually affect the growth and development of plants.

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Kinds of livestock

d. Presence of poisonous plants — refrain fromreleasing animals in areas with poisonous plants.

e. Presence of pests and diseases - usuallyaffected by climate and season.

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Range Management Principles can be drawn by:

1.Kind of Livestock

2. Season of useThis pertains to the period or time of utilizing the range.

Early use will affect the natural development of the plants.Too late use will hamper the reproduction of grasseswhen grazed just before dispersion.

3. Number of livestock (stocking)Release the right number of livestock in an area. As muchas possible, 1 hectare of land should have 1 animal unit (1:1).Rotation grazing should be followed in order not toovergraze the area.

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Indigenous livestock Species Commonly Raised in the Philippines:

✓CATTLE( GRAZERS)

✓GOATS(BROWSER)

✓HORSE(GRAZERS)

✓CARABAO(GRAZERS)

✓SHEEP( GRAZERS OR BROWSERS)

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Some problems why present livestock population is lower than what are available feed resources can support are:

1. Low carrying capacity of pasture lands.

2. Poor quality of feeds offered.

3. Inadequate feed during the dry season

4. Inefficient utilization of crop residues and farmby-products: and

5. Lack of pasture area specifically on flat/plain areas.