Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The strongest vertebrae |
Lumbar |
|
|
Why are the disks between the inferior lumbar vertebrae common sites for injury and pathologic processes? |
The load of the body weight increases toward the inferior end of the column |
|
|
The largest lumbar vertebrae |
L5 |
|
|
Describe the transverse processes of the lumbar spine |
Fairly small |
|
|
Describe the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae |
Bulky and blunt |
|
|
The intervertebral foramen are situated at what angle to the midsagittal plane? |
90 degrees |
|
|
The zygapophyseal joints form what angle from the midsagittal plane? |
30 to 50 degrees |
|
|
The upper lumbar zygapophyseal joints form what angle from the midsagittal plane? |
50 degrees |
|
|
The lower lumbar vertebrae zygapophyseal joints form what angle from the midsagittal plane? |
30 degrees |
|
|
How is radiographic demonstration of the zygapophyseal joints achieved? |
Rotating the body an average of 45 degrees |
|
|
Forms a bridge between the transverse processes, lateral masses, and spinous process |
Lamina |
|
|
The portion of each lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes |
Pars interarticularis |
|
|
The pars interarticularis is demonstrated on which image? |
Oblique lumbar |
|
|
Located inferiorly to the lumbar vertebrae |
Sacrum |
|
|
How many sets of pelvic sacral foramina are there? |
Four sets |
|
|
What is the purpose of the pelvic sacral foramina? |
To transmit nerves and blood vessels |
|
|
How many segments are there usually in the sacrum? |
5 |
|
|
Large masses of bone on the sacrum that are lateral to the first sacral segment |
Alae |
|
|
Forms a zygapophyseal joint with the inferior articular processes of the fifth lumbar vertebra |
The two Superior articular processes of the sacrum |
|
|
What kind of curve does the sacrum have? |
Convex |
|
|
The anterior Ridge of the body of the first sacral segments helps form the posterior wall of the inlet of the true pelvis and is termed what? |
The Promontory of the sacrum |
|
|
Posterior to the body of the first sacral segment is what? |
The opening to the sacral canal |
|
|
Formed by fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae |
Median sacral crest |
|
|
The sacrum articulates with the ilium of the pelvis at what? |
Auricular surface |
|
|
How did the auricular surface get its name? |
Because of its resemblance in shape to the auricle of the ear |
|
|
Small tubercles that represent the inferior articular processes projecting inferiorly from each side of the fifth sacral segments |
Sacral horns |
|
|
Each sacroiliac joint opens obliquely posteriorly at what angle? |
30 degrees |
|
|
The most distal portion of the vertebral column |
Coccyx |
|
|
The distal pointed tip of the coccyx |
Apex |
|
|
The broader Superior portion of the coccyx |
Base |
|
|
How do you know when you have a good oblique of the L spine? |
The appearance of the Scottie dog |
|
|
The neck of the Scotty dog is what? |
Pars interarticularis |
|
|
The ear of the Scotty dog is what? |
One superior articular process |
|
|
The eye of the Scotty dog is what? |
One pedicle |
|
|
The nose of the Scotty dog is what? |
One transverse process |
|
|
The front legs of the Scotty dog are what? |
Inferior articular process |
|
|
The zygapophyseal joints between the superior and inferior articular processes are classified as what? |
Synovial, diarthrodial, plane |
|
|
The intervertebral joints are classified as what? |
Cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial |
|
|
The posterior oblique projections show which side? |
Downside |
|
|
The anterior oblique projections show which side? |
Upside |
|
|
The right posterior oblique demonstrates which joint? |
Right zygapophyseal joints |
|
|
The left posterior oblique demonstrates which joints? |
Left zygapophyseal joints |
|
|
The right anterior oblique demonstrates which joints? |
Left zygapophyseal joints |
|
|
The left anterior oblique demonstrates which joints? |
Right zygapophyseal joints |
|
|
Which oblique position may be more comfortable for the patient? |
Anterior oblique |
|
|
The prominence of the greater trochanter is about the same level as what? |
The superior border of the symphysis pubis |
|
|
The ASIS is approximately the same level as what? |
The first or second sacral segment |
|
|
The most Superior portion of the iliac crest is at approximately the same level as what? |
The junction of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
The lowest margin of the ribs is at approximately what level? |
L2-L3 |
|
|
What is the purpose of flexing the knees for the lumbar spine projections? |
To reduce the lumbar curvature, bringing the back closer to the table and the lumbar vertebral column or parallel to the image receptor. Also for patient comfort |
|
|
What is the SID for the AP lumbar spine? |
40 in |
|
|
What is the IR size for the AP lumbar spine? |
11 by 14, or 14 by 17 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the AP lumbar spine? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
For the AP lumbar spine, if you use a 14 x 17 IR, where is the CR directed? |
The level of the iliac crest |
|
|
For the AP lumbar spine, if you use an 11 by 14 IR, where is the CR directed? |
Level of L3, which may be a localized by palpation of the lower costal margin |
|
|
What Anatomy is demonstrated on the AP lumbar spine? |
Vertebral bodies, intervertebral joints, spinous and transverse processes, SI joints, sacrum, approximately T11 to the distal sacrum |
|
|
What are the clinical indications for the oblique positions of the L spine? |
Defects of the pars interarticularis, such as spondylolysis |
|
|
What is the IR size for the oblique L spine projections? |
11 by 14, or 10 x 12 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the oblique projections of the L spine? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
If the area of interest is L1 to L2 zygapophyseal joints for the oblique projections, how much obliquity should the patient's body demonstrate? |
50 degrees |
|
|
If the area of interest is L5 to S1 zygapophyseal joints for the oblique projections, how much obliquity should the patient's body demonstrate? |
30 degrees |
|
|
What is the CR method for the oblique projections of the L spine? |
CR perpendicular to IR. Directed to L3 at the level of the lower costal margin, 2 inches above iliac crest and 2 in medial to upside Asis |
|
|
How can you tell when you have a good oblique projection of the L spine? |
Open zygapophyseal joints and the pedicle is between the midline and the lateral aspect of the vertebral border. |
|
|
If the pedicle is demonstrated closer to the midline of the vertebral border and less of the pedicle is seen, what does this indicate? |
Over rotation |
|
|
If the pedicle is demonstrated laterally on the vertebral body border with more of the lamina demonstrated, this indicates what? |
Under rotation |
|
|
What is the IR size for the lateral L spine? |
11 by 14, or 14 by 17 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the lateral L spine? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
On the lateral L spine, if you use a 14 x 17, where's the CR centered? |
Level of iliac crest |
|
|
On the lateral L spine, if you use 11 by 14 IR, where is the CR centered? |
Level of L3 at the level of the lower costal margin |
|
|
For the lateral L spine, if a patient has a wider pelvis and a narrow thorax, what angle should be put on the CR? |
5 to 8 degrees caudad |
|
|
For the lateral L5 S1 position of the L spine, what is the IR size? |
8 x 10 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the lateral L5 S1 position of the L spine? |
85 to 95 |
|
|
What is the CR method for the lateral L5 S1 position of the L spine? |
CR perpendicular to IR with sufficient waist support, or angle 5 to 8 degrees caudal with less support. CR directed an inch and a half inferior to iliac crest and 2 in posterior to ASIS |
|
|
How do you know when you have a good lateral L5 S1 position of the L spine? |
Superimposition of Greater sciatic notchee and posterior borders of the vertebral bodies. Open L5 S1 joint space |
|
|
What is the IR size for the AP axial L5 S1 projection of the L spine? |
8 by 10 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the AP axial L5 S1 projection? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
What is the CR angle for the AP axial L5 S1 projection for males? |
30 degrees cephalad |
|
|
What is the CR angle for the AP axial L5 S1 projection for females? |
35 degrees |
|
|
Where is the CR directed for the AP axial L5 S1 projection? |
Level of the Asis at the midline of the body |
|
|
A scoliosis series frequently includes what images? |
Two AP or PA images taken for comparison, one erect and one recumbent |
|
|
What is the SID for the PA scoliosis series? |
40 to 60 in. Longer SID required with larger IR to obtain required collimation |
|
|
What is the IR size for the PA scoliosis series? |
14 x 17, or 14 x 36 if available |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the PA scoliosis series? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
For the p PA scoliosis Series, where should the lower margin of the IR be? |
A minimum of 1 to 2 in below iliac crest |
|
|
What is the anatomy demonstrated on the PA scoliosis series? |
Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, including 1 to 2 in of the iliac crests |
|
|
What are the clinical indications for the lateral scoliosis series erect? |
Spondylolisthesis, degree of kyphosis, or lordosis |
|
|
What is the SID for the lateral scoliosis series? |
40 to 60 in |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the lateral scoliosis series? |
85 to 95 |
|
|
For the spinal fusion series, what two images are obtained? |
Hyperextension and hyperflexion images |
|
|
For the spinal fusion Series, where should the lower edge of the IR be placed? |
1 to 2 in below iliac crest |
|
|
How is the hyperflexion image positioned? |
Using pelvis as fulcrum, ask patient to assume fetal position and draw legs up as far as possible |
|
|
How is the hyperextension projection positioned? |
Using pelvis is fulcrum, ask patient to move torso and legs posteriorly as far as possible to hyperextend long axis of body |
|
|
Where is the CR directed for the spinal fusion series? |
Directed to site of fusion if known or to center of IR |
|
|
What precautions should be taken by the patient before having an AP axial projection of the sacrum? |
Bladder should be emptied before procedure begins. It is also desirable to have the lower colon free of gas and fecal material, which may require a cleansing enema as ordered by a physician |
|
|
What is the IR size for the AP axial projection of the sacrum? |
10 x 12 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the AP axial sacrum? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
What is the CR method for the AP axial sacrum? |
15 degrees cephalad. Directed 2 in superior to pubic symphysis |
|
|
For the AP axial projection of the sacrum, if the patient has an apparent greater posterior curvature or tilt of the sacrum and pelvis, what should be done to the CR? |
Angle the CR 20 degrees cephalad |
|
|
How can you tell when you have a good AP sacrum? |
Alignment of the median sagittal crest and coccyx with the symphysis pubis. Sacrum free of foreshortening and the pubis and sacral foramina are not superimposed |
|
|
What is the IR size for the AP axial projection of the coccyx? |
8 by 10 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the AP axial coccyx? |
75 to 85 |
|
|
What is the CR method for the AP axial projection of the coccyx? |
Angle CR 10 degrees caudad. Direct CR 2 in superior to symphysis pubis |
|
|
For the AP axial projection of the coccyx, if there is a greater anterior curvature of the coccyx, what should be done to the CR? |
Angle 15° caudad |
|
|
If the AP axial projection of the coccyx is performed prone, what should be done to the CR? |
Angle 10 degrees cephalad |
|
|
For the AP axial projection of the sacrum, if it is performed prone, what should be done to the CR? |
Angle 15° caudad |
|
|
How do you know when you have a good AP coccyx? |
Coccygeal segments should appear open. Coccyx should appear equidistant from the lateral walls of the pelvic opening, indicating no rotation |
|
|
Why are the sacrum and coccyx taken separately for the AP projections, but taken together for the lateral? |
For the AP, they have different CR angles. But with the lateral projection, it can be obtained with one exposure centering to include both of them |
|
|
What is the IR size for the lateral sacrum and coccyx? |
10 by 12 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the lateral sacrum and coccyx? |
85 to 95 |
|
|
What is the CR method for the lateral sacrum and coccyx? |
CR perpendicular to IR. Directed 3-4 in posterior to ASIS |
|
|
What is the IR size for the lateral coccyx? |
8 by 10 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the lateral coccyx? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
What is the CR method for the lateral coccyx? |
Direct CR 3 to 4 in posterior and 2 in distal to ASIS |
|
|
What is the IR size for the AP axial SI joints? |
10 by 12 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the AP axial sacroiliac joints? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
What is the CR method for the AP axial SI joints? |
30 to 35 degrees cephalad. Generally, males require about 30 degrees in females 35 degrees. CR directed to midline about 2 in below level of ASIS |
|
|
If you wanted to do the SI joints PA, what should be done to the CR? |
Angle 30 to 35 degrees caudad. CR centered to the level of L4 or slightly above the iliac crest |
|
|
What is the IR size for the oblique projections of the SI joints? |
10 x 12 |
|
|
What is the kvp range for the oblique projections of the SI joints? |
80 to 90 |
|
|
How is the body positioned for the oblique projections of the SI joints? |
Rotate body into 25 to 30 degrees posterior oblique, with side of interest elevated. Place support under elevated hip and flex elevated knee |
|
|
What is the CR method for the oblique projections of the SI joints? |
CR directed 1 in medial to upside Asis. Perpendicular to IR |
|
|
On the oblique projections of the SI joints, to demonstrate the inferior or distal part of the joint more clearly, what should be done to the CR? |
Angle CR 15 to 20 degrees cephalad |
