Psychology Super Review 2, Psychotherapy

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Psychotherapy

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Is the treatment of emotional and behavioral problems through psychological techniques. It involves conversation or verbal interactions between a person with a psychological disorder and someone who has been trained to help correct that disorder.

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Insight therapy

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Any psychotherapy where the goal is to help clients better understand themselves, their situation, or their problems

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Action therapy

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This therapy focuses on directly changing a troubling habit or behavior.

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Directive therapy

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Any approach in which the therapist provides strong guidance during therapy sessions.

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Nondirective therapy

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A therapeutic technique in which clients assume responsibility for solving their own problems. The therapist creates a supportive atmosphere so this can happen.

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Individual therapy

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A therapy session involving one client and one therapist

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Group therapy

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A therapy session that includes several clients at one time and one or more therapists. One particular problem or difficult is usually the focus (e.g., alcoholism or eating disorders)

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Family therapy

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An approach that focuses on the family as a whole unit. Th goal is to avoid labeling a single family member as the focus of therapy; each person's contribution to the group is the focus.

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Outpatient therapy

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Clients receive psychotherapy while they live in the community.

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Inpatient therapy

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Clients receive psychotherapy while in a hospital or other residential institution.

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Psychoanalysis

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Is an insight therapy that emphasizes the understanding of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defense mechanisms.

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Neurosis

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Freud felt that neurotic disorders were cause by unconscious conflicts that were left over from early childhood. He concluded that the neurotic or hysterical symptoms displayed by his patients developed out of these unconscious conflicts, wishes, and fantasies from their childhoods.

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Free association

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Patients do not censor their thoughts or words but are encouraged to spontaneously say whatever comes to their mind. In order to encourage this, patients relax by lying on a couch, facing away from the analylist

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Dream analysis

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Freud felt that dreams were "the royal road to the unconscious," whereby the id feels free to reveal itself. The manifest content of dreams is what the patient actually remembers about the dream. The latent content is what the dream symbolizes. Psychoanalysts help interpret the latent content for patients.

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Interpretations

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Psychoanalysts offer insights or alternative ways of looking at dreams, thought, and behaviors based on possible unconscious needs and desires

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Defense mechanisms

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Throughout therapy, analysts look for signs of possible defense mechanisms

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Transference

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Analysts believe if they maintain a neutral relationship with patients and reveal nothing about themselves, transference will develop. Transference occurs when patients transfer feelings about other people (e.g., their parents) to their perception of their therapist. Possible signs of transference include falling in love or being hostile with the therapist.

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Resistance

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Resistance involves any unconscious behaviors by the patient that hinder the progress of therapy. Some example include being late for therapy sessions, missing sessions, or becoming angry at the therapist.

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Psychdynamic

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Is often used to refer to a variety of approaches that descend from Freud's theory and were developed by neo-Freudians. Examples include ego analysis, interpersonal therapy, individual analysis, and object relations therapy.

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Humanistic therapies

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Humanistic therapies (sometime called phenomenological) are also insight-oriented therapies. the humanist view optimistic and the emphasis of therapy is on fulfilling one's potential. Client-centered, Gestalt, and Existential are forms of humanistic therapy.

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Carl Rogers

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Founded client-centered or person-centered therapy. This therapy attempts to focus on the person's own point of view, instead of the therapist's interpretations

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Unconditional positive regard

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The client is accepted totally by the therapist. The therapist always portrays a positive, nonjudgmental attitude toward the client.

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Empathy

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The therapist attempts to see the world through the client's eyes in order to achieve an accurate understanding of the client's emotions.

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Congruence

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Also known as genuineness or realness. Therapist does not maintain a formal attitude, but rather expresses what she/he genuinely feels - strives to be authentic.

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Reflection

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Technique whereby the therapist serves as a psychological "mirror" by communicating back to the client a summary of what was said or what emotion the client seems to be expressing.

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Active listening

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Technique in which therapist attempts to understanding both the content and emotion of a client's statements.

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The goal of gestalt therapy

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Is for clients to become aware of what they are doing and how they can change, while learning to accept and value themselves.

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Existential therapy

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Is a humanistic approach to therapy that addresses the meaning of life and allows clients to devise a system of values that gives purpose of their lives.

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Existential therapy is based on the premise

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That the inability to deal with freedom can produce anguish, fear, and concern.

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The goal of existential therapy

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Is for clients to come to grips with the freedoms they have, to understand how they fit in with the e of the world. and to give them more meaning for their lives.

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Confrontation

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May be used in existential therapy whereby clients are challenged to examine the quality of their existence.

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Cognitive therapists

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Are insight therapies that emphasize recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.

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Cognitive therapists

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argue that people have psychological disorders because their thinking is inappropriate or maladaptive.

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The goal of cognitive therapy

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Is to change or restructure client's thinking.

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Cognitive-behavior therapy

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Is a blending of behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy.

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Rational-emotive therapy (RET)

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Developed by Albert Ellis. It encourages people to examine their beliefs carefully and rationally, to make positive statements about themselves, and to solve problems effectively.

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RET's abc theory

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A refers to the activating event, B to the person's belief about the event, and C to the emotional consequences that follows. Ellis claimed that A does not cause C, but instead B causes C. If the belief is irrational, then the emotional consequences can be extreme distress.

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RET is

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A directive, confrontational form of therapy that is designed to challenge clients' irrational beliefs about themselves and others. It helps clients replace irrational beliefs with rational ones that are appropriate and less distressing.

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Spontaneous remission

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Sometimes occurs when psychological disorders clear up on their own without treatment or therapy.

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Meta-analysis

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A mathematical technique that summarizes the outcomes of many different studies.

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Behavioral therapies

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Are based on the assumption that both normal and abnormal behaviors are learned. Treatment consists, therefore of either learning a new "normal" behavior or unlearning a maladaptive behavior.

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Behavioral therapies are often referred to as ______ ___________.

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Behavior modification

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Classical conditioning

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Occurs whenever a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that wass originally triggered by another stimulus.

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Systematic desensitization and aversion therapy are two therapies base on the ________ __________ approach

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Classical conditioning

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Systematic desensitization

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Is a behavior therapy used to reduce client's anxiety and fear responses through counterconditioning.

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Counterconditioning

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Is a process of reconditioning in which a person is taught a new, more adaptive response to a stimulus.

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Systematic desensitization is a three step process

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1. The therapist and client construct a hierarchy of fears, the client ranks (from the least amount to the greatest amount of fear) specific situations that arouse anxiety.

2. The client is trained in relaxation techniques.

3. The client works through the hierarchy of fears while practicing the relaxation techniques.

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Flooding

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Is another behavioral technique used to help client overcome fears, and it is almost the opposite of systematic desensitization. During flooding, clients are exposed to the fear all at once for an extended period until their anxiety decreases.

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Aversion therapy

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Is another therapy based on classical conditioning. It is also a form of counterconditioning that pairs an aversive or noxious stimulus with a stimulus that elicits an undesired behavior.

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Operant or instrumental conditioning

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Occurs whenever voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. Token economies, contingency contracting, time-out, extinction, and punishment are therapeutic approaches based on operant conditioning.

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Token economies

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Desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can later be exchanged for desired objects or privileges. Clients are "fined" (i.e., must return some tokens) for inappropriate behaviors. Often used in institutional settings, such as schools, hospitals, etc.

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Contingency contracting

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A written agreement is drawn up between the therapist and client that states behavioral objectives the client hopes to attain. Contracts usually state positive consequences or rewards for meeting the objectives and sometimes include negative consequences if goals are not met.

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Time-out

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Used to eliminate undesirable behavior, usually with children. It involves moving the individual away from all reinforcement for a period of time.

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Extinction

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Occurs when a maladaptive behavior is not followed by reinforcers. Often involves ignoring a behavior.

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Punishment

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Occurs when behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus. The goal is to eliminate the inappropriate behavior and is often combined with positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior.

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Observational learning and modeling

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Occurs when children and adults learn behaviors by observing others.

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Participant modeling

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Is a technique that occurs when the model not only demonstrates the appropriate behavior in graduated steps, by the client attempts to imitate the model step-by-step. The therapist provides encouragement and support

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Social skills training

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Is a behavioral therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills and emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping.

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Biological perspective

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Views abnormal behavior as a symptom of an underlying physical disorder and usually favors biological therapy.

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Psychopharmacotherapy

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Is the treatment of mental disorders with medication. This is often referred to as drug therapy.

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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Is the passing of an electric current through the brains of their patients.

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Community psychotherapy

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Is a movement that attempts to minimize or prevent mental disorders, not just treat them.

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Deinstitutionalization

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Is the discharging of people from mental hospitals into the community, hopefully into a supportive environment of family and friends. This happened in the 1960's.