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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the study of the relations between organisms and their environments?
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Bio Ecology: field studies of plant and animal biomes over extended periods
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What is the study of the relations between people and their urban ecosystems with an emphasis on biological and economic processes of adaptation, and the spatial distribution of health and behavioral problems?
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Human Ecology
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What is the study of the relations between people and their environments from a broad, interdisciplinary perspective that gives greater attention to the social, psychological, institutional, and cultural contexts of people-environment relations than did earlier human ecology research?
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Social Ecology
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What is the goal of the School of Social Ecology?
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The main idea is to train students to analyze research and policy questions from a broad, ecological perspective that integrates multiple disciplines an links basic theory and research with community problem solving
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What are some impacts of global forces on local environments, behavior, and well-being?
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- Geophysical changes such as global warming/ozone depletion
- Virtual links between local and global environments - Distraction and information overload |
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What are some synergistic sources of global change and destabilization (cause of unrest)?
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- Growth of Internet & digital communication technologies
- Global warming, environmental disasters, pollution, depletion of natural resources - Disparities among different socioeconomic, racial religious, and ethnic groups, and related social conflict |
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What are the core settings of informal life; the variety of public places that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work
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Third Places
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What kind of hybrid place is this and why?
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This is a second and third place hybrid work (2nd place) is brought to a lounging area (3rd place)
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What kind of Hybrid place is this?
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This is a second and first place environment because the bedroom (1st place) is connected next to a working environment (2nd place)
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Describe the difference between synchronous and asynchronous communication
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Synchronous is a form of communication that involves the interaction of 2 people in real time. For example talking face-to-face (local) or talking on the phone (local). Asynchronous, on the other hand involves an interaction in the form of leaving notes someone's desk (local) or leaving emails/voicemails (remote)
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What is emotional atrophy?
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It's the idea that the more social media individuals involve themselves, the lesser they are able to express themselves emotionally
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Core Principles of Social Ecology
______: physical and social, natural & built features; objective-material as well as perceived-symbolic (semiotic) qualities |
Multidimensional structure of human environments
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Core Principles of Social Ecology
______ of people-environment relationships spanning proximal and distal scales (from narrow to broad spatial, sociocultural, and temporal scope) |
Cross-disciplinary, multi-level, contextual analyses
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Core Principles of Social Ecology
______: especially feedback loops, interdependence of system elements, anticipating unintended side effete of public policies and environmental interventions |
Systems principles
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Core Principles of Social Ecology
______: translation of theory and research findings into community interventions and public policies |
Action research perspective
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What is a general definition of Obesity?
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Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher
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What are some factors that contributed to the obesity crisis between 1980 to present time?
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- Increased supply and decreased price of food
- Restaurants and Fast Food industry - Technology (Microwave) - decreased levels of physical activity - Increased teases on tobacco products - Greater participation of women in the labor force |
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What is the social contagion of obesity?
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It's the idea that if your friend is fat (obese) there is a 57% chance that you will also gain weight; it's also believed that if someone in your group of friends is happy, you'll also be happy
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A _____ consists of all the connections and ties within a group or collection of groups
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Social network
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A _____ is a collection of individuals defined by a common attribute
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Group
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A _____ is relationship between two people
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Line
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What is the difference between central and periphery?
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Central = more embedded; periphery = less embedded
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The simplest network is a _______ or a pair
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Dyads agglomerate to form large interconnected webs; dyads are also known as the simplest network
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Studies have shown that the average user of Facebook has at least 110 friends on Facebook and among those friends only ______ are the actual close friends
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6.6
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What are these an example of?
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Dysfunctional designs
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What is this clipart telling us?
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The more stimulated our bodies are the lesser chance you have for cancer
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What are some interdisciplinary analyses of the links between cancer, heart disease, and diabetes?
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They found that these different diseases are not just caused by viruses. They are also caused by many different types of factors that doesn't have to involve any types of sickness
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What time of people-environment transaction is this?
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Passive Adaptation
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What time of people-environment transaction is this?
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Optimization
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A ______ is a general scientific perspective based on certain assumptions about how to conceptualize and study a particular phenomenon
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Paradigm: paradigms often subsume several separate but interrelated theories
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_______ is the assumption that physical and social environments exert a direct an invariant influence on human development, social behavior and health?
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Environmental Determinism
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Give an example of an Environmentally deterministic theory
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People who lived closed to each other ended up influencing one another
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What is the difference between physical distance and functional distance?
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Physical distance is the spatial separation between the front doors of neighbors' apartments; while functional distance is the patterning of people's movement
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What is the difference between Sociopetal and Sociofugal environments?
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Sociopetal environments are meant to bring people together and interact; sociofugal environment, on the other hand is suppose to limit the interaction between people
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What are the factors that reduce the effect of spatial proximity on friendship formation?
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1. Diversity
2. Little need for mutual assistance 3. Affluence and geographic mobility 4. Internet accessibility |
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What are the three paradigm models for understanding health and illness?
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Biomedical model (germ theory), Biopsychosocial model, Social ecological model (stigmas)
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This illustrates the ______ theory of infectious disease
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Germ theory
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_______ are environmental demands that tax or exceed the individual's adaptive capacity
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Stressor
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The illustration above is an example of _______ model of susceptibility to colds
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Biopsychosocial model; outcome of the sickness is highly dependent on the presence of the stressors
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The ________ is a field of research that focuses on distinctive substantive concerns (e.g., biological, psychological, social, physical environmental "facts"); and emphasizes particular analytic levels (e.g., molecular, organismic, interpersonal, organizational, societal), concepts, and methods.
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Scientific Discipline
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________ research is a process through which the perspectives of two or more scientific or professional fields are combined to achieve a more complete understanding of a particular phenomenon
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Cross-disciplinary research
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What does the disciplinary foci consist of?
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Biological, behavioral, psychological, social and physical-environmental facts
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What are the 4 schools of human ecology?
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1. The Chicago School
2. The Neo-Orthodox School 3. Social Area Analysis 4. The Sociocultural School |
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Where are the highest rates of behavioral and health disorders found in?
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The "zone in transition" near the center of the city; the rates of disorder decrease as one moves further rom the city center
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What are Michelson's critique against the Chicago School of Human Ecology?
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_______ is the degree of compatibility between people's goals, needs, cultural norms and activities, and the physical and social conditions present in their environments
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Congruence
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________ congruence is how well an environment actually accommodates the personal characteristics and behavior or people
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Experiential congruence
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What is mental congruence?
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This happens if a person thinks that a particular environment will actually accommodate for his/her personal lifestyle/characteristics
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What doe stye Sociocultural School of Human Ecology emphasize on?
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It emphasizes on the symbolic and sentimental vs. solely economic functions of space
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What are the key limitations of the Chicago School of Human Ecology?
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______ are costs of production that are not paid directly by the producer of a product... in that sense, they are suited away from the producer and eternalized or borne by members of society--- especially those who bear the brunt of the public health costs caused by the products of productions (such as contaminated air, water and soil).
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Externalized oats of production
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_______ is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless or race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies
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Environmental justice
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_______ is any environmental policy, practice, or directive that differentially affects air disadvantages (whether, intended or unintended) individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color; environmental racism is a form of environmental injustice
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Environmental racism
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This picture is an example of ________
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Environmental injustice
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Environmental racism is what kind of fact?
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Social fact
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What are the characteristics of Open Systems and what the is purpose of these characteristics?
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These characteristics are made to maintain a form of homeostasis and equilibrium in term of relationships
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According to Argyle *& Dean's research, eye contact with strangers increase when:
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B. spatial distance between them increases
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_______ overload happes when a system's inability to process inputs from the environments because there are too many inputs and/or the the inputs come too quickly
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Stimulation overload
Ex: being a pilot of an airbus |
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What is the relation of urban density and stimulation overload?
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It's a belief that the more dense the population the better we are at coping with the urban overload so that we don't fall in entropy and stay in equilibrium.
- Ex: New Yorkers cope with the stimulation overload by just being very individualistic. If someone bumps into you, you just let it go and be more lenient about it. Don't even have to apologize |
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What results did Argyle and Dean (1975) find in their first experiment with personal space?
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They found that adults were better able to stand closer to photographs than face to face; closer face-to-face when the person's eyes are closed. However they compared to adults, they found that children stood a lot closer for all conditions
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What results did Argyle and Dean (1975) find in their second experiment of personal space?
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They found that there was greater tension when confederates were asked to sit 2 feet away from each other. So the further away they were from each other, the greater heat debate they had. The reason for this is because the greater the distance, the more interaction is created
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What did Barker's Research on High Schools reveal about student participation and involvement between small schools and large schools?
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Barker found that the smaller the school is, the greater the student involvement, and lesser student involvement for larger schools
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What did Wicker's study (1979) reveal about involvement compared to Barker's experiment?
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Wicker's study revealed there is a "sweet spot" as to where you find equilibrium. Undermanned in church involvement equates to more pressure; overmanned equate to feeling uncomfortable
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_______ settings are electronics sites on the internet that are created through the share interaction of members; and which develop a symbolic sense of space or "place" through sustained computer-mediated communications among participants in those sites
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Virtual behavior settings
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Wynne Edwards' (1962) analysis of _________ in animal populations helps maintain balance between population densities
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Territoriality
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These four elements are the ________ on population size
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External checks
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What did Calhoun's (1962) experiment about 'behavioral sink' reveal about population density?
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He found that rats in a contains environment will start having inter conflicts (infant mortality) in oder to regulate the environments
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These four elements are the ________ on population size
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Internal checks
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Explain the difference between physiological stress and psychological stress
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Physiological stress are environment demands that exceed the a person's capacity to cope with those demands; while psychological stress are perceived environment demands that exceed the person's capacity to cope with those perceived demands
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Give an example of the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome
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Someone who's really stressed start to be more vulnerable to certain types of disease; people who stress over a cold will be more likely to get sick from a cold flue when injected by it compared to someone who doesn't stress over it
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What are the aftereffects of stressors?
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Feeling relaxed after a long week of finals week and going to spring break and getting sick because the stressor has ceased, thus resistance drops
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Two Kinds of Systems
_______; system processes operato minimize departure from equilibrium and regain equilibrium whenever it is lost; has mutual negative feedbacks between elements in it |
Deviation countering > counter entropy
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Explain why the thermostat is a deviation-countering mechanical system
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This is a for of deviation-countering mechanical system because it counter the entropy by cooling down a building when it's too hot; intense heat in an environment can easily cause entropy
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Two Kinds of Systems
________: System processes operate to increase and maintain departures from equilibrium; has mutual positive feedbacks between the elements in it |
Deviation amplifying > rich get richer; poor get poorer
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Explain why the orchestra is a deviation amplifying human system
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The orchestra is a deviation-amplyfing human system example because people in the orchestra tend to be very critical and tough. For instance the conductor criticizes violinist during practice and the violinist performs poorly during the orchestra and the system repeats
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What is the study of the relationships between people and their everyday sociophysical environments (includes natural and human-made or built environments; material and symbolic features; and virtual or cyber-based as well as place-based settings)
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Environmental psychology
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Objects require subjects. In contrast, on e cannot be subject of an environment, only a ______ in it
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Participants
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_______ is the thinking and mental processing and interpreting of the information acquired through perception; often involves abstraction and complex reasoning
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Cognition
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What does the image above illustrate?
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Direct perception of affordances; the information conveyed by the environmental affordances varies across species and by individual attributes (e.g. body size, strength, visual acuity)
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Types of Affordances
________: an apparent affordance that odes not have any real function; the actor perceives nonexistent possibilities for action |
False affordance
- Ex: a placebo button that affords "pressing" but does not cause any change in environmental condition such as lighting, sound |
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Types of Affordance
_________: the action possibilities of an object or environment that are not perceived by the actor |
Hidden affordance
- Ex: it may not be apparent from looking at an object that it could be used for particular response |
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________ is a mental representation of the world around us
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Cognitive schema
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What did Tolman discover in his research on cognitive maps in rats?
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He found that rats do have cognitive maps because he placed them on a maze. Then he replaced the maze with something similar and planked the rat in there and the rat tried to go the same way it had previously gone
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What are the five elements of cognitive maps and give an example for each one
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1. Landmarks > Eifel tower, artwork, tall building
2. Edge > Beach shore lines, railroad cuts, edges, walls 3. Node > Time Square, a square, a street-corner hangout 4. Paths > Streets, walkways, transit lines, railroads 5. Districts > Large sections of a city, observers can enter inside of |
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_______ is the capacity of an environment to evoke vivid and widely shared social meanings among occupants of the setting
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Social imageability; the socioeconomic environment can also influence the way in which you remember your city. For instance, rich people remember LA as a Beverly Hills and Hollywood, while poor people see LA as HLP and Downtown
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Which of the following physical,environmental cues do you think can influence aspects of our cognition (e.g. attitude, judgments, decision, etc.)?
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A. Ambient temperature
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This is an example of ______ cognition
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Embodied cognition
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Participants were asked to perform some problem solving tasks in a tight environment (a box) and outside a box. What were the results?
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They found that people who performed the problem solving tasks outside the box performed a lot better than the people who performed the task inside the box
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What is the difference between self-directed identity claims and other directed identity claims?
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A self-directed identity claim is like your room and the way you decorate your room. Other directed identity claim is like how you design your living room; for instance you make it look artsy because you want to be seen as a hipster because you know that everyone sees your living room
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What is an example of interior behavioral residue?
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Ex: Books and computer because you like to read and code in your room; things and activities you'd do in your immediate environment (hence interior)
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What is an example of exterior behavioral residue?
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Ex: A snowboard in your room because you like to go snowboarding; things and activities that people do outside their immediate surroundings
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What are false identity claims?
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A depiction of how someone wants to be seen or be perceived as
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Give examples of your place identity
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Los Angeles, Highland Park, FHS, Burbank Middle School, UCI, Puerta Del Sol
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In Smith's (1979) experiment in low sensation seeker individual, what did they find when these individuals underwent a high-negative life change?
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People who preferred high sensation seeking were more able to buffer with negative memento in their life compared to someone who doesn't prefer sensation seeking behaviors
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What is the affective-cognitive consistency theory used for?
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It's used for measuring scores of an individual's attitudes toward a certain action
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The "hot stairway" design is an example of a ______ environment
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Dysfunctional environment; it creates discomfort on the user; for instance, people can see the user coming down the stairs as they get to their car --- this raises discomfort; "user-needs gap" required when designing in order to make proper environmental assessments
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What are the factors that influence the results of environmental assessment?
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1. Environmental Unit of Study
2. Media of Presentation 3. Observers' Characteristics 4. Measurement Tools and Criteria |
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What is an example of Pre-design evaluation?
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Applying environmental psychology on floor plans
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What is an example of Post-occupancy evaluation?
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Ex: Asking students how they feel interacting in the environment and with the environment
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What is the criteria for deciding whether or not to fix an environmental problem?
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These are settings where high density is ________
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Desirable
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These are settings where high density is ________
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Undesirable
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Informal Space Zones
Intimate distance: Personal distance: Social distance: Public distance: |
Intimate distance: 0-18in
Personal distance: 18in-4ft Social distance: 4ft-12ft Public distance: 12ft-25ft |
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What is the the trend for social Isolation?
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What is the trend for crowding?
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Define the difference between fixed features and semi-fixed features
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Fixed features are physical attributes that can not be readily modified, while the semi-fiexed attributes are physical attributes that can be readily modified by its occupants
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What is the ecological footprint of the average American?
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24 acres
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What is Durkheim's Conception of Social Facts?
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1. Social facts are widespread throughout society
2. Social facts exert power of influence over people's behavior and well-being 3. Social facts are objectively observable phenomena that exert their influence on behavior and well-being outside of individuals' perception of subjective awareness |
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Describe the difference between Passive and Active interventions for energy conservation
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Active interventions involves the voluntary effort of individuals; turning the lights off yourself when you're not using them (curtailment). Passive interventions does not require voluntary effort, but rather depends on technology. For instance, buying energy saving lights (efficiency)
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In Goldstein's (2008) experiment in using descriptive and injunctive norms to to promote towel reuse by hotel guests, what technique did they use that worked most effective?
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The descriptive norms about what most other guests do had the most compliance
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What are the strategies for promoting environmentally sustainable behaviors?
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Describe the difference between direct pathogens and indirect pathogens
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Direct pathogens actually cause disease regardless of the body's reaction; while indirect pathogens cause damage to the body because they provoke exaggerated defensive responses
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Symptoms of psychological depression and physiological stress that often occur after individuals are involuntarily relocated from a highly valued residential environment to an unfamiliar area is known as _____ syndrome
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Grief syndrome
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A syndrome of cognitive, motivational, and emotional disturbances stemming form repeated encounters with uncontrollable invents is known as ________
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Learned Helplessness
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In Matthews & Cannon's experiment (1975), what did they discover in the percentage of passerby helping another person in the noise experiment?
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They found that, regardless of the cast on arm, people did not help the confederate that dropped the books during loud scenario compared to the soft noise scenario
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What is the difference between natural disasters and technological disasters?
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______ are those features of an environment that serve to bring it under the control of its occupants
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Defensible space
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What kind of apartment buildings have been found to be associated with the highest crime rates?
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Those with more than 6 stories and more than 1000 apartments
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What are the factors that enhance defensible space?
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What are some design strategies for defensible space?
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1. Color coding of secondary territories
2. Site planning of buildings 3. Elevation and landscaping 4. Establishing interaction spaces (e.g., gardens) |
