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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter |
13 |
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Personality |
the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave. |
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character |
value judgements ofa person's moral and ethical behavior |
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temperament |
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born |
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unconscious mind |
level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntary brought into consciousness. |
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id |
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious |
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pleasure principle |
principle by which the id functions;the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences. |
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ego |
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical. |
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reality principle |
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result |
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superego |
part of the personality that acts as a moral center |
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conscience |
part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is |
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psychological defense mechanisms |
unconscious distortions of a persons of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety |
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denial pdm |
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation |
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repression pdm |
psychological defense mechanism where the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unnacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind |
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rationalization pdm |
person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior |
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projection pdm |
unnacceptable or threatening impulses of feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulse or feelings |
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reaction formation |
psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others |
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displacement |
redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one |
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regression pdm |
a person falls back on child on child like patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations |
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identification |
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety (498) |
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compensation |
defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area |
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sublimation |
channeling socially unnaceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior. |
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fixation |
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage. |
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psychosexual stages |
fives stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child |
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oral stage |
1st stage occuring in the first year to year and a half of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict |
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anal stage |
2nd stage occuring from about 1 or 1 1/2 years of age in which the anus is erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict |
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phallic stage |
third stage occuring froom about 3 to 6 years of age in ehich th echild discovers sexual feelings |
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oedipus complexx/electra complex |
situation occuring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same sex parent. Males develops oedipus, women develop electra |
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latency |
fourth stage occuring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways |
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psychoanalysis |
freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it |
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neo freudians |
followers of freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories |
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personal unconsciousness |
jun's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud |
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collective unconscious |
jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species |
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archetypes |
jung's collective, universal human memories |
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basic anxiety |
anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of olfe children and adults |
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neurotic personalities |
perosnalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relaionships in horney's theory |
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habits |
in behaviorism sets of well learned responses that have become automatic |
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social cognitive learning theorists |
theorists who emphasize the importance of both th einfluences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning |
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social cognitive view |
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such a anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models. |
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reciprocal determinism |
bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics and behavior can interact to determine future behavior |
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self efficacy |
individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance |
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locus of control |
the tendency for people to assume that hey either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives |
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expectancy |
a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence |
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himanistic perspective |
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice |
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self-actualizing tendency |
the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities |
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self-concept |
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one's life. |
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self |
an idividual's awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning |
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real self |
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be |
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positive regard |
warmth,affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life |
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unconditional positive regard |
positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached |
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conditional positive regard |
positive regard tha tis given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish. |
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fully functioning person |
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest innermost urges and feelings |
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trait theories |
theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human perosnality in an effort to predict future behavior |
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trait |
consistent enduring way of thinking feeling or behaving |
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surface traits |
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person |
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source traits |
he more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality |
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introversion |
dimension of personality in which people tend to withdrawal from excessive stimulation |
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five-factor model |
(Big Five) model of perosnality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions |
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openess |
one of the 5 factors. willing to openess to try new things and be open |
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conscientiousness |
the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others, depend |
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extraversion |
dimensions of personality referring to one's need to be with other peopole |
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extraverts |
people who are outgoing ans sociable |
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introverts |
people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention |
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agreeableness |
the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, or unpleasant. |
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neuroticism |
degree of emotional instability |
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trait-situation interaction |
the assumption that th eparticular circumstances of any given situation will nfluence the way in which a trait is expressed. |
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behavioral genetics |
field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for perosnality characteristics |
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interview |
methos of personality assessment, professional askes questions to the client |
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halo effect |
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client the influence the assessment |
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projection |
defense mechanism involving placing or projecting one's unacceptable thoughts to others |
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projective tests |
personality assessments that present ambiguaous visual stimuli. Ask client to respond to whatever comes in mind |
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Rorschach inkblot test |
projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli |
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thematic apperception test (TAT) |
projective est that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli |
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subjective |
referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and maybe by personal experiences |
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direct observation |
professional observes client during normal behavior |
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rating scale |
numerical value is assigned to specific behavior |
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frequency count |
frequency of behavior is counted |
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personality inventory |
paper and pencul or computerized test that consists of statements that require specific, standarized response fromt he person taking the test |
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Chapter |
14
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situational context |
the social or environmental setting of a person's behavior |
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subjective discomfert |
emotional distress or emotional pain |
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maladaptive |
anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses of life |
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sociocultural perspective |
perspective in which abnormal bevahior is seen as the product of the learnign and shaping of behavior within the family and culture within which the family and social gorup exist |
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cultural relativity |
the need to consider the unique characterisitcs of the culture in which behavior takes place |
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culture-bound syndromes |
disorders found only in particular cultures |
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biological model |
model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in ther chemical structural or genetic systems of the body |
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cognitive psychiatrists |
psychologists who study the way people think remember and mentally organize information |
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biopsychosocial model |
abnormal behavior is seens as the result of the combines and interacting forces off biological psychological social and cultural influences |
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anxiety disorders |
disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness |
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free-floating anxiety |
anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source |
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phobia |
an irrational, persitent fear of an objec, situation, or social activity |
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social phobia |
fear of interacting with others |
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specific phobia |
fear of objects, sitations, or events |
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claustrophobia |
fear of being in small enclosed places |
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acrophobia |
fear of heights |
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agoraphobia |
fear of being in a place or siuation from whihc escape is difficult or impossible |
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panic attack |
sudden onset of intense panic |
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panic disorder |
panic attacks occur frequently |
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panic disorder with agoraphobia |
fearof leaving familiar surroundings because offear of having a panic attack in public |
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obsessive-compulsive disorder |
reocurring thoughts create anxiety that's relieved by performing a repetitive behavior or mental act |
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acute stress disorder |
(ASD) disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor. Symptoms of anxiety, dissosociation, recurring nightmares sleep distubances, concentration, people relive event in dreams. |
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posttraumatic stress disorder |
(PTSD) symptoms anxiety, dissociatoin, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving events lasting more than 1 month |
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generalized anxiety disorder |
feelings of dread and impending doom lasts 6 months or more` |
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magnification |
interupt dangerous situaitons more than they really are |
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all or nothing thinking |
the tendency to believe tha one's performance must be prefect or result total failure |
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overgeneralization |
tendency to interupta negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure |
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minimization |
give little or no importance to events and traits |
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affect |
in psychology term indicating emotion of mood |
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mood disorders |
mood severely disturbed |
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major depression |
comes suddenly doesn't have an external cause |
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manic |
excessive excitement, energy |
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bipolar disorder |
severe mood swings |
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seasonal affective disorder |
(SAD) mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months |
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anorexia nervosa |
person reduces eating. under healthy body weight 15% |
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Bulimia nervosa |
using unhealthy methods of weigtloss and overeating |
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dissociative disorders` |
disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity or some combinations |
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dissociative amnesia |
complete or partial memory loss for personaly info |
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dissociative fugue |
traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia about the trip and possible amnesia for personal info |
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dissociative identity disorder |
disorder occuring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body |
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depersonalization disorder |
dissociative disorder where individuals feel disconnected from themselves, bodies, and surroundings |
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schizophrenia |
severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish betweeen fantasy and reality |
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psychotic |
term applied to a person who is no longer perceive what is real and what is fantasy |
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delusions |
false beliefs held by a person who refuses to acept evidence of their falseness |
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delusional disorder |
a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions |
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hallucinations |
false snesory perceptions such as hearing voices that don't exist |
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flat affect |
a lack of emotional responsiveness |
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disorganized |
schizophrenia where behavior is childish and bizarre. thinking, speech and motor actions are very disordered |
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catatonic |
schizophrenia person experiences periods of statuelike immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic,frantic and taking |
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paranoid |
schizophrenia person suffers from delusion of persecution, jealousy with hallucinations |
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positive symptoms |
symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses ofbehavior or occur in addition to normal behavior;hallucinations,delusions, and distorted thinking |
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negative symptoms |
symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal bevaior, poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production |
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stress-vulnerability model |
explanation of disorder that assumes a biological snesitivity or vulnerability to cetain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress |
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personality disorder |
disorders in which a person adopts a persistent rigid and maladaptive patterns of bheavior that interefere with normal social interactions |
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borderline personality disorder |
maladaptive personality pattern in which he person is moody unstable lacks a clear sense of identity and often clings to others |
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Chapter |
15 |
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therapy |
treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function moe effectively |
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psychotherapy |
therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychollogical professional |
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biomedical therapy |
therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms |
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insight therapies |
therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with repect to their behavior thoughts and feelings |
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action therapy |
therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inapropriate behavior directly |
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psychoanalysis |
an insight therapy based on thetheory of freud emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts |
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manifest content |
the actual contnet of one's dream |
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latent content |
the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams |
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free association |
psychoanalysis techinique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations |
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resistance |
occuring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic by either changing the subject or becoming silent |
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transference |
in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient of client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist |
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directive |
therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions |
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psychodynamic therapy |
a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference shorter treatment times and a more direct therapeutic approach |
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interpersonal therapy |
form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiple approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems |
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eclectic |
approach to therapy that results from combining elements of several different approaches or techniques |
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nondirective |
therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client instead remaining a calm nonjudgemental listener while the client talks |
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person-centered therapy |
a nondirective insight therapy based on the works of Carl Rogers where does all talking and therapist listensr |
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reflection |
therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements |
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uncoditional positive regard |
referring to the warmth respect and acepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy |
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empathy |
the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client |
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authenticity |
the genuine ioen and honest response of the therapist to the client |
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Gestalt therapy |
form of directive insight therapy in which the theapist helps clients to accpet all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing |
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behavior therapies |
action therapies based on the principles of classical and operan conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior |
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behavior modification or applies behavior analysis |
the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesireable behavior and increase desirable behavior |
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systematic desensitization |
behavior techniques used to treat phobias in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax whule concentrating on those fears |
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aversion therapy |
form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior |
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exposure therapies |
behavioral techniques that expose individuals to anxiety or fear related stimuli nder carefully controlled conditions to promote new learning |
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flooding |
person is exposed to a fear provoking situation or object and can't escape |
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modeling |
learning through the observation and imitation of others |
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participant modeling |
technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step by step gradual process while the client is encourages to imitate the model |
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reinforcement |
strenghthening of a rsponse by following it with a pleasurable consequence of the removal of an unpleasant stimulus |
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token economy |
the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the exchanged for desired items or privileges |
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contingency contract |
written agreement between the therapist and client in which goals for behavioral change reinforcements and penalties are clearly stated |
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extinction |
the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior |
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time-out |
an extinction where a person is removed from a situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior |
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cognitive therapy |
therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distortured unrealistic beliefs with more realistic helpful thoughts |
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arbitrary inference |
distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence |
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selective thinking |
distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all othe relevant aspects |
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overgeneralization |
distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that a re unrelated to the original |
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magnification and minimization |
distortions of thinking in which a peson blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance while ignoring relevant positive events |
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personalization |
distortion of hinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for event that are unconnected to the person |
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cognitive -behavioral therapy (CBT) |
action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically |
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rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) |
cognitive-beahvior therapy in which clients ae directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into moe rational belief statements |
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family counseling (famaily therapy) |
a form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselr or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family |
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self-help groups (support groups) |
group composed of people with similar problems who meet without therapist |
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theraputic alliance |
the relationship between therapist and client that devleops as a warm,caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy mutual respect and understanding c |
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cybertherapy |
psychotherapythat is offered on the internet |
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biomedical therapies |
therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain |
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psychopharmacology |
drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions hallucinations and other bizarre behavior |
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antipsychotic drugs |
drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions hallucinations and other bizarre behavior |
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antianxiety drugs |
drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions typically minor tranquilizers |
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antidepressant drugs |
drugs used to treat depression and anxiety |
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
biomedical therapy to treat severe depression. electrodes are placed on one's head |
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psychosurgery |
surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve control severe psychological disorders |
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prefrontal lobotomy |
psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal lobes of the brain to the near potions are severed |
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bilateral anterior cingulotomy |
psychosugical technique in which an electrode is inseted into the anterior cingulate gyrus with the guidance of a magnetic rsonance imaging machine for the purpose of destroying that area of brian tissue |
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Chapter |
11 |
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stress |
the term used to describe the physical emotional cognitive and behavioral responses to events that a appraised as threatening or challenging |
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stressors |
events that cause a stress reaction |
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distress |
the effort of unpleasant and undesirable stressors |
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eustress |
the effect of positive events or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being |
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catastrophe |
an unpredicatble large scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feeling of threat |
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social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) |
assessment that measure the amount of stress in a person's life over a 1-year periof resulting from major life events |
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college undergraduate stress scale (CUSS) |
assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college studen'ts life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events |
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hassles |
the daily annoyances of everyday life |
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pressure |
the psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person's behavior that come from and outside source |
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frustration |
the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need |
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agression |
actions meant to harm or destroy |
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displaced agression |
taking out one's frustrations on some less threatening or more available target |
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enscape or withdrawal |
leaving the presence of a stressor either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy drug abuse or apathy |
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apprach-apprach conflict |
conflict occuring when a person must choose bewtween two dsirable goals |
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avoidance-avoidance conflict |
conflict occuring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals |
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approach-avoidance conflict |
conflict occuring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects |
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double approach-avoidance conflict |
conflict in which the person must decide between two goals,with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects |
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multiple approach-avoidance conflict |
conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects |
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multiple approach-avoidance conflit |
conflict in which the person must decide between mor than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects |
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general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
the three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress including alarm resistance and exhaustion |
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immune system |
system of cells organs and chemicals of the body that respond to attacks from diseases infections and injuries |
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type 2 diabetes |
disease involving failure of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin necesistating medication,usually diagnosed before the age of 40 and can be associated with obesity |
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natural killer (KT) cell |
immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells |
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health psychology |
areas of psychology focusing on how phsyical activities psychological traits and social relationships affect overal health and rate of illness |
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primary appraisal |
the first step in assessing stress which involves estimating the severety of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge |
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secondary appraisal |
the second step in assessing a threat which involves estimating the resources abailable to the person for coping with the stressor |
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Type A personality |
person who is ambiguous time consciousness extreme hardworking and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed |
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Type B personality |
person who is relaxed and laid-back,less driven and competitive than type a and slow to anger |
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type c personality |
pleasant but repressed person who tends to internalize his o her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult |
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hardy personality |
a person who seemsto thrive on stress but lacks the anfer and hostility of the Type A pesonality |
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optimists |
people who expect positive outcomes |
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pessimists |
people who expect negative outcomes |
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burnout |
negative changes in thoughts emotions and behavior as a result of prolonged stress of frustration |
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acculturative stress |
stress resulting from the need to change and adpt a person's ways to the majority culture |
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social-support system |
the network of fmaily friends neighbors coworkes and others who can offer suport comfort or aid to a person in need |
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coping strategies |
actions that people can take to master tolerate redice or minimize the effects of stressors |
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problem focused coping |
coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by chaning the emotional reaction to the stressor |
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meditation |
mental series of excercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness |
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concentrative meditation |
form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that th emind can be cleared of disturbing throughts and the body can experience relaxation |
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receptive meditation |
form od medication in which a person attempt to become aware of verything in immediate conscious experience or an expansion of consciousness |
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The |
End! |
