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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive Model AO1- Smoking - Initiation |
Self-medication: start to smoke due to belief that it will relieve stress/boredom. Expectancy: distorted beliefs exaggerating benefits of smoking and underestimating harm. Rational choice: calculate benefits and costs and decide that pleasure from smoking is worth the cost and risks. |
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Cognitive Model AO2- Smoking - Initiation |
Heishman (1999) suggests that smoking can help people concentrate with increased attentional focus and enhanced performance of well-learned behaviours – support for self-medication explanation. But addiction often begins in cases where there are no apparent psychological problems in need of medication. |
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Cognitive Model AO1- Gambling -Initiation |
Expectancy: individuals who believe they are likely to make a profit are more likely to start and continue gambling. Rational choice: benefits in terms of fun/excitement perceived to be worth the financial cost of gambling. |
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Cognitive Model AO2 - Gambling - Initiation |
Griffiths (1994): gamblers have distorted beliefs about their chances of winning - this is consistent with the idea that distorted thinking led to the initiation of their addiction. |
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Cognitive Model AO1 - Smoking - Maintenance |
Self-medication: each cigarette gives short-term stress reduction, but long-term the addiction and withdrawal symptoms increase stress, increasing the perceived need for a cigarette in order to reduce stress. Rational choice: once the smoker is addicted, the costs of giving up become greater (withdrawal) so it is rational to continue in a sense. |
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Cognitive Model AO2 - Smoking - Maintenance |
Application: increasing tax on cigarettes to make smoking less of a ‘rational choice’. |
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Cognitive Model AO1 - Gambling - Maintenance |
Expectancy: distorted beliefs about their skill level and chances of winning found in addicted gamblers. Rational choice: given distorted beliefs, the choice to continue gambling may be a rational response to perceived benefits/costs, e.g. believing that further gambling is only way to win back lost money. |
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Cognitive Model AO2 - Gambling - Maintenance |
Treatment – Toneatto and Sobell (1990) reported a case study of a 47 year old man who had been gambling for over 25 years. CBT to challenge and alter his beliefs. After six months his gambling habit had reduced from ten times per month down to once every two months. Griffiths (1994): regular gamblers were found to use more irrational verbalisations and think that they were more skilful than non-regular gamblers. Also explained losing by ‘near wins’. Examples of cognitive biases that distort their reasoning. |
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Cognitive Model AO1 - Smoking - Relapse |
Expectancy: ex-smokers who believe that they are unlikely to be successful are more likely to relapse. |
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Cognitive Model AO2 - Smoking - Relapse |
Application: CBT aimed at increasing self-efficacy can reduce the chance of relapse. |
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Cognitive Model AO1 - Gambling - Relapse |
Expectancy: persistent irrational beliefs about gambling will increase the chances of relapse if the individual’s circumstances change e.g. they need money. |
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Cognitive Model AO2 - Gambling - Relapse |
Application: CBT aimed at increasing self-efficacy can reduce the chance of relapse. |
