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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Binocular cues |
-Retinal disparity - Eyes see different images, depth perception -Convergence - Eyes converge, help with depth too |
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JND vs Absolute threshold |
-JND - Smallest change we can detect ~Change or JND/Initial = k ~Linear -Absolute - Minimum intensity needed to detect stimulus |
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Signal Detection Theory |
-Type 1 - Say signal present when it's not (false alarm) -Type 2 - Say no signal present when there is (miss) |
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Gestalt Principles |
-Similarity -Pragnanz - Reduced to simplest form -Proximity -Continuity -Closure |
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Phototransduction |
-Light hits rod, turns cis-retinal to trans -Alpha subunit of transducin goes to PDE -PDE turns on, degrading cGMP - No cGMP means sodium channels close -Cell hyperpolarizes, no longer releases glutamate on bipolar neuron -Bipolar neuron turns ON -Bipolar neuron release glutamate on retinal ganglion -Retinal ganglion neuron turns ON |
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Mesopic, scotopic, photopic |
Mesopic - Mid day vision Scotopic - Night vision Photopic - Light vision |
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Visual field processing |
-Left side - Hits nasal side of left eye and temporal side of right eye -Right side - Hits nasal side of right eye and temporal side if left eye ~Nasal cross over at optic chiasm |
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Magnocellular vs Parvocellular pathway |
-Magno - High temporal resolution -Parva - High spatial resolution |
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Cochlea pitch |
-Base - High frequencies -Apex - Low frequencies |
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Auditory pathway |
-Ipsilateral and contralateral -Form auditory nerve -Go to MGN in thalamus -Auditory cortex |
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Visual pathway |
-Contralateral -Optic nerve cross at optic chiasm -Form optic tract -Go to LGN in thalamus -Visual cortex |
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Olfaction pathway |
-Ipsilateral -Olfactory cell in olfactory epithelium send AP to olfactory bulb ~Goes through cribiform plate -Synapse on glomerulus in olfactory bulb -Synapse on mitral/tufted cell -Olfactory cortex |
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Consciousness brain waves |
-Beta, alpha, theta, delta |
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Sleep stages |
-N1 - Theta, hypnic jerks, hallucinations -N2 - Theta, sleep spindles, K-complexes -N3 - Delta, sleep walk/talk -REM - Beta, muscle paralysis, dream, memories (episodic) |
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Depressants |
-Alcohol -Barbiturates -Benzodiazepines |
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Stimulants |
-Caffeine -Cocaine -Nicotine -Amphetamine |
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Hallucinogens |
-Distorted perceptions/hallucinations -LSD -Ecstasy |
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Opiates |
-Similar to depressants -Heroine -Morphine |
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Mesolimbic pathway |
-Dopamine produced and released from VTA (midbrain) -It makes it HAPN: ~Hippocampus ~Amygdala ~Prefrontal cortex ~Nucleus accumbens (happiness) |
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Types of attention |
-Divided - Using attention on more than one task, switching between the tasks -Selective - Selecting one task and focusing on it -Executive - Goal directed behavior |
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In-attentional vs change blindness |
-In-attentional - Unaware of things in back ground of visual field ~Fire extinguishers -Change - Unaware of changes in visual field ~New haircut |
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Theories of selective attention |
-Sensory register, perceptual process, cognition -Broadbent's Early Selection - Selective filter placed before perceptual step (before we give meaning to senses) -Deutch & Deutch's Late Selection - Selective filter placed after perceptual step (after we give meaning to senses) -Treisman's Attentuation - Attenuator placed before perceptual step (dampens sensory input but doesn't get rid of it) |
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Sensory memory |
-Iconic - What we see, lasts half a second -Echoic - What we hear, lasts 2-4 seconds |
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Short-term and working memory |
-Similar, working more active process, STM passive storage of memory -Remember 7 (+-) 2 -Visuo-spatial sketchpad - Written words/pictures, visual/spatial info processed -Phonological loop - Verbal info, spoken words/numbers processed (language) -Central executive connects the two |
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Long-term memory |
-Explicit - Facts/events ~Semantic ~Episodic -Implicit - Things harder to articulate ~Procedural ~Priming -Anterograde amnesia - Recall memory before accident, but cannot form new memories -Retrograde amnesia - Cannot recall memories before accident, but can form new ones |
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Synaptic plasticity, LTP, and synaptic pruning |
-Synaptic plasticity - Ability to modify strength of transmission between neurons -LTP - Persistent strengthening of synapses leading to lasting increase in transmission between neurons Synaptic pruning - Getting rid of unnecessary connections (adolescence) |
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Semantic networks |
-Concepts organized in mind to be connected -Spreading activation - Pulling one memory brings others along |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognition |
-Sensorimotor - 0-2 years old ~Gather info via senses and moving ~Object permanence -Preoperational - 2-7 years old ~Symbols, pretend play, egocentric -Concrete operational - 7-11 years old ~Math, conservation -Formal operational - 12 years and up ~Moral reasoning, logic, abstract thinking |
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Schemas |
-Mental models to interpret new info -Assimilation - Describe new info based on existing schema ~SS - Same schema -Accommodation - Adjust/create new schema for new info ~CC - Change/create |
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Heuristics |
-Availability - Using particular examples of the past that are readily available -Representativeness - Using stereotypes (average experiences) learned in the past ~May not know where stereotype originated -Belief perseverance - Ignore disconfirming facts -Confirmation bias - Seeking only confirming facts |
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Theories of intelligence |
-General Intelligence - Spearman ~1 general factor (g-factor) -Triarchic Theory - Sternberg ~Analytical, creative, practical -Primary Mental Abilities - Thurnstone ~7 factors, mostly book smarts -Multiple intelligence - Gardner ~9 factors, not just book smarts (talents?) |
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Broca's and Wernicke's |
-Broca's - Speech, language (frontal) ~Aphasia - Understand, but speech broken -Wernicke's - Processing, understand (temporal) ~Aphasia - Cannot understand speech, sentences make no sense -Global aphasia - Damage to both -Arcuate fasciculus - Connection between them ~Conduction aphasia |
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Theories of language and cognition |
-Universalism - Thought determines language -Piaget - Thought influences language -Vygotsky - Thought and language develop independently -Linguistic Determination - Language influences thought ~Weak (relativism) ~Strong (Whorfian) |
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Theories of language development |
-Nativist - Children born with ability to learn language ~Language acquisition device -Learning/Behaviorist - Acquired through operant conditioning ~BF Skinner, language is learned -Social Interactionist Approach - Learn through interactions ~Child's desire to communicate ~Vygotsky |
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Ekman universal emotions |
-Happiness -Sadness -Fear -Disgust -Anger -Surprise |
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Theories of emotion |
-James-Lange - See stimulus, cause physiological response, emotion determined by the physiological response -Cannon-Bard - See stimulus, cause physiological response and emotion to occur simultaneously -Schachter-Singer - See stimulus, cause physiological response, identify reason for physiological response, cause emotion -Lazarus - See stimulus, cognitively label stimulus, cause physiological response and emotion simultaneously |
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Appraisal Theory of Stress |
-Richard Lazarus -Primary appraisal - Assess stress in situation ~Positive/benign, irrelevant, negative -Secondary appraisal - Ability to cope with stressor ~Harm, threat, challenge -Secondary only occurs if primary is negative |
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4 categories of stressors |
-Significant life changes - Death, marriage, moving -Catastrophic events - War, natural disaster -Daily hassles - Most harmful -Ambient stressors - Pollution, noise, crowding ~Integrated in environment, hard to control |
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
-Alarm - Stress reaction kicks in, resource mobilized -Resistance - Fleeing, increased BP, breathing, and cortisol -Exhaustion - If no recovery, body's stress resources depleted, tissue damage, dampened immunity |
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Mechanoreceptors |
-Pacinian - Vibration ~Pac-man > controller > vibrates -Ruffini - Stretch ~Italian > pasta > stretchy noodles -Meissners - Light touch, fast ~Touch miss/meiss lightly, cum fast -Merkle - Light touch, slow ~Steve Urkle skinny/light and dumb/slow -Meissners and Merkle receptors top of dermis, others at bottom |
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Brain scans |
-CAT/CT - Structure only, uses X-rays -MRI - Structure only, uses radio waves, better than CT scan -EEG - No picture of brain, only show brain waves (sleep) -fMRI - Like MRI, but show activity/function -PET - Show overall activity, cannot see live changes like fMRI, can combine with CT scan for structure |
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Fertilization |
-Sperm binds to zona pellucida -Acrosome of sperm degrade ZP -Cortical granules released from egg to degrade/harden ZP to prevent other sperm from entering -Plasma membrane fuses with sperm, DNA released |
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Embryogenesis |
-Zygote splits (cleavage, no growth) into many ~Morula - 16 to 32 cells -Trophoblast outside, embryoblast inside -Blastulation - Cells form amniotic cavity, separate into epiblasts and hypoblasts (bilaminar disk) -Gastrulation - Primitive streak forms, epiblast migrate down, form ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm -Neuralation - Notochord in meso cause neural plate in ecto, form neural tube and neural crest cells |
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Germ layer derivatives |
-Ectoderm - Outer layer of skin, hair, nervous system -Mesoderm - Inner layer of skin, muscle, bone, heart, kidney, gonads -Endoderm - GI tract, lungs, liver, pancreas |
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Neonatal reflexes |
-Rooting - Touch cheek, turn face that way -Babinski - Stroke foot, curl toes up -Moro - Startled, throw arms out -Tonic neck - Turn neck, same side arm straightens, opposite bends (fencing) -Galant - Back skin touched, turn body that way -Palmer grasp - Close hands if palm touched -Sucking, stepping, and swimming also |
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Temperament vs personality |
-Temperament - Innate behavioral predispositions (constant) -Personality - Stable predispositions that are partially learned |
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Motivation theories |
-Drive-Reduction - Reduce physiological drives (uncomfortable feelings) ~Negative reinforcement -Optimum Arousal - Want to reach a specific level of arousal (rollercoasters) -Maslow's Hierarchy - Satisfy needs in specific order -Incentive theory - Reward given after good behavior ~Positive reinforcement |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
-Physiological -Safety -Love -Self-esteem -Self-actualization ~Please Stop Liking Stupid **** |
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Components of attitude |
-Affective - How we feel about a topic -Behavioral - How we behave towards a topic -Cognitive - Our knowledge, how we think about a topic |
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Attitude influencing behavior theories |
-Theory of Planned Behavior -Attitude to Behavior Process Model -Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) -Elaboration Likelihood Model for Persuasion (ELM) |
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Theory of Planned Behavior |
-Implications and intentions create behavior -Attitude towards behavior (studying) -Subjective norms towards behavior (studying) -Perceived control over the behavior (unable to make time to study) |
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Attitude to Behavior Process Model |
-Event causes attitude -This attitude plus prior knowledge creates behavior |
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Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) |
-Behavior determined by 6 things -Previous behaviors -Attitudes towards behavior -Subjective norms -Our behavior intentions -Willingness to engage in behavior -Models/prototypes in our life demonstrating behavior |
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Elaboration Likelihood Model for Persuasion (ELM) |
-Focus more on cognition in determining behavior -Central route of persuasion (message characteristics) - Quality of argument (message) -Peripheral route of persuasion (source characteristics) - Superficial aspects of arguer (attractiveness, status, expertise) -Target characteristics - Characteristics of the listener (mood, self-esteem) |
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Behavior influences attitude theories |
-Foot in the door - Agree to small actions first, then larger ones -Role-playing - Behavior in playing a certain role influences attitude over time |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
-Change cognition/attitude to coincide with behavior -Unlikely to change behavior |
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Situational Approach to Behavior |
-Situations in environment determine behavior -Determine if environment influences behavior (external attribution) by looking at consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus ~Always behave like this in this situation? ~Behave differently in other situations? ~Others behave like this in this situation? |
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Theories of Personality |
-Situational Approach -Psychoanalytic Theory -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs -Humanistic Theory -Biological Theory -Behaviourist Theory -Trait Theory -Social Cognitive Theory |
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
-Personality shaped by childhood experiences (unconscious thoughts/desires) -Libido - Sexual/pleasure drive ~Fixations create adult personalities -Id, Ego, and Superego make up the mind -Id - Unconscious, demands immediate gratification of libido -Ego - Unconscious and conscious, gratify Id while listening to Superego -Superego - Moral conscience |
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Humanistic Theory |
-Carl Rogers and Maslow -Humans inherently good, want to reach self-actualization -Psych. theory looks at unconscious, this is concious -Individual must be genuine and nurtured through acceptance to achieve ideal self/self-concept |
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Biological Theory |
-Inherited genes leads to traits, leads to behavior/personality |
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Behaviourist Theory |
-Personality result of learned behaviors -Deterministic -Skinner - Operant conditioning -Pavlov - Classical conditioning -Similar to cognitive theory (Bandura) |
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Trait Theory |
-Combination of traits form personality -Trait - Stable characteristic that causes one to consistently behave in certain manners -Gordan Allport - Everyone has different traits (4500), fit in 3 categories ~Cardinal -Dominant (selflessness) ~Central - Shyness, honesty ~Secondary - Preferences (love art) -Raymond Cattell - All possess 16 essential traits, turned into questionnaire -Hans Eysenck - All posses traits, expressed differently, 3 major dimensions that encompass all traits ~Psychoticism - Reality is distorted *May not all have this one ~Extroversion - Sociability ~Neuroticism - Emotional stability -5 Factor Model (Big 5) - 5 traits found in everyone ~Openness - Independent/conforming ~Conscientiousness - Careful/careless ~Extroversion - Talkative/quiet ~Agreeableness - Kind/cold ~Neuroticism - Stable/tense ~OCEAN -Cattell, Eysenck, Big 5 used factor analysis |
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Social Cognitive Theory |
-Cognition of interactions with environment determine personality -Bandura Bobo Doll experiment -Learning-performance distinction - Learning behaviour and performing it different, can learn and still not do it |
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Defense Mechanisms |
-Denial -Projection (accuse someone is jealous when you are) -Passive aggression -Intellectualization - Separate emotions and intellectual aspects of problem -Rationalization - Avoid blame on oneself -Regression - Throw temper tantrum -Repression - Unconsciously push thoughts to unconscious -Displacement - Take anger out on another -Reaction formation - Unconscious effort to be the opposite of what you feel -Humor -Sublimation - Channel negative energy to positive -Suppression - Conscious effort to push thoughts to unconscious, return to it later -Altruism - Serve others -Mature (HASS), immature (PP), neurotic (4RID), pathological (denial) |
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Schizophrenia |
-Positive (delusion, hallucinations), negative (isolation, flat affect), cognitive abnormalities -Deterioration of behavior -Genetics and environmental -Excessive amount of dopamine -Atrophy of cerebral cortex (frontal and temporal) -Antipsychotics (dopamine blockers) help |
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Depression |
-Monoamine - Not enough catecholamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) at synapse -Hippocampal atrophy -High levels of cortisol |
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Anxiety disorders |
-Generalized anxiety -Panic -Phobias -OCD - Compulsions relieve stress -PTSD |
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Conversion disorder |
-Unexplained symptoms that appear after a traumatic event |
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Personality disorders |
-3 clusters (ABC, weird, wild, worried) -A - Paranoid (suspicion/distrust), schizotypal (odd/eccentric), schizoid (detached, limited emotional expression -B - Antisocial (disregard for others/aggressive), borderline (unstable/intense), histrionic (attention-seeking), narcissistic (grand sense-of-self) -C - Avoidant (shy/fear of rejection), dependent (neediness), OCD (perfectionist) |
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Alzheimer's |
-Common form of dementia -Lose memory/cognition followed by ADL's -Atrophy of cerebrum -Decrease ACh release -Form beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein |
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Parkinson's |
-Impaired central nervous system affecting movement -Resting tremor, slow, poor gait and balance -Decreased dopamine production in substantia nigra (basal ganglia) -L-DOPA (dopamine precursor) used for treatment |
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Bipolar |
-Manic episode followed by a depressive one -BP 1 - Manic episode with possible depressive one, excess catecholamines -BP 2 - Hypomanic (mild manic) episode with at least one depressive |
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Conformity |
-Conform behavior to norms of a group (peer pressure) -Informative influence - Don't know what's right, follow the group and assume they are correct -Normative influence - Do know what's right, but follow the group even though they are wrong |
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Group polarization |
-Views/decisions of a group becoming more extreme compared to if they were made individually |
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Groupthink |
-Group makes poor decision due to a desire to keep harmony among the group and avoid going against the norm (conformity) -Discourages other opinions |
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Social anomie |
-Breakdown of social bonds between individuals and society -Society lacks support of a firm collective consciousness -Fixed by strengthening/developing social norms |
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Compliance, identification, and internalization |
-Compliance - Conform to behavior to receive reward or avoid punishment -Identification - People behave similarly like someone they respect -Internalization - Internally integrating behaviors of others into your own beliefs and values |
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Asch Conformity Study |
-Asked to compare lines of different length and match those with a target line -1st and 2nd trial, confederates give right answer, participant does as well (<1% error) -3rd trial, confederates give wrong answer, participant conforms and gives wrong answer as well (75% error) |
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Milgrim Studies on Obediance |
-Teacher (participant) gives questions to learner (confederate), shock if they get the question wrong -Shocks perceived dangerous to teacher, continued to administer them with authority figure present -Just World Phenomenon - Bad things happen to bad people (receive shock due to them not knowing the answer) |
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Self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error |
-Self-serving bias - Environment causes our failure, self causes our success -Fundamental Attribution Error - Environment causes another's success, they cause their failure, attribute their failure with flaws to do with their character |
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Zimbardo (Stanford) Prison Study |
-Assign volunteers to roles of prisoners and guards -Became too involved with role -Shows effect our situation can have on behavior -Deindividualization - Loss of self |
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Bystander effect and deindividuation |
-Bystander effect - Less inclined to help in the presence of others -Deindividuation - Those in group more likely to act poorly than if they were alone (YouTube comments) |
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Social facilitation |
-Social facilitation - Presence of audience causes either better or poorer performance, depending on how practiced they are -Yerkes-Dodson Law - Presence of others improves performance on simple tasks, hinders on difficult ones |
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Hawthorne (Observer) Effect |
-Individuals modify behavior in the presence of an observer |
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Sanctions of norms |
-Positive - Reward for conforming to norms -Negative - Punishment for violating norms -Formal - Officially recognized and enforced -Informal - Unofficially recognized, no specific punishment |
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Classification of norms |
-Folkways - Common rules/manners (opening a door) -Mores - Moral beliefs/values (honesty) -Laws - Formal consequences -Taboos - Forbidden, immoral behavior (incest) |
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Deviance theories |
-Theory of Differential Association - Deviance learned behavior from exposure from others who are deviant -Labeling Theory - Labeling behaviors and individuals who do the behaviors as deviant, cause individual to become more deviant -Strain Theory - Individual turn to deviance to reach goals if blocked from reaching it otherwise |
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Collective behavior |
-Large numbers of people who rapidly behave in ways against societal norms -Fad - Behavior that becomes popular quickly, and loses popularity quickly (perceived as cool) -Mass hysteria - Behavior that occurs when groups react irrationally to perceived threats -Riots - Large group of people engaging in dangerous behavior |
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Habituation, sensitization, and dishabituation |
-Habituation - Tunes out stimulus -Sensitization - Increase in responsiveness to stimulus -Dishabituation - Previously habituated stimulus removed, comes back and causes response as if stimulus was novel |
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Schedules of reinforcement |
-Continuous - Each behavior gives reward -Fixed-ratio - Response rewarded only after a set amount of responses ~Worker get paid every 5th sale made -Variable-ratio - Response rewarded after a random amount of responses ~Slot machines/gambling -Fixed-interval - Reward given at a set time regardless of responses ~Allowance on Sunday for doing chores, wait till Saturday to do them -Variable-Interval - Response rewarded after a random amount of time ~Pop-quizzes, always studying for it -VR > FR >> VI < FI |
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Escape and avoidance learning |
-Escape - Escape unpleasant stimulus once it occurs (negative reinforcement) ~Response of escaping is conditioned -Avoidance - Avoiding unpleasant stimulus before it occurs (also negative reinforcement) -Escape is running from fire, avoidance is running from fire alarm |
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Personal control |
-Learned helplessness - Perceived lack of control of environment, cause helpless behavior -Tyranny of choice - Too many choices, less satisfied with decision when given multiple options |
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Ego depletion |
-Self-control can be used up if exercised too often |
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Self-concept |
-Who we think we are -Existential self - Sense of being separate and distinct from others (consistent/constant) -Categorical self - Even though separate, we exist in a world with others, fall into categories of who we are ~Comes after existential self -We categorize ourselves, identify with the groups we are part of and behave like them, and compare our social group with others |
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Theories of development |
-Freud - 5 stages, personality -Erikson - 8 stages, personality -Vygotsky - Cognition -Kohlber - Cognition |
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Freud's Psychosexual Development |
-Old Age Parrots Love Grapes -Oral - 0-1, pleasure from oral stimulation (sucking thumb), develop trust/comfort ~Fixation - Dependency/aggression -Anal - 1-3, centered on anus (potty training), develop control/independence ~Fixation - Orderliness/messiness -Phallic - 3-6, know difference between male and female, oedipus (for boys)/electra (for girls) complex cause jealous feelings for mother/father, resolve through identification (understand and develop similar characteristics of same-sex parent) ~Fixation - Homosexuality -Latent - 6-12, no focus of libido, focus on intellectual pursuits and social interactions, develop social/communication skills ~No fixation -Genital - 12+, strong sexual interests, reach sexual maturity, interested in welfare of others, lasts whole life ~No fixation, mentally healthy |
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Erikson's Psychosexual Development |
-Stage 1 - 0-1, Trust vs Mistrust, look to parent for care/love ~Hope of love in future from others ~Fear, mistrust, suspicion -Stage 2 - 1-2, Autonomy vs Doubt, want to be independent and make decisions ~Will (independence) ~Shame, low self-esteem -Stage 3 - 3-6, Initiative vs Guilt, play with others, more confident in their abilities to lead and make decisions, asks lot of questions ~Purpose ~Inadequacy, guilt, feel annoying for asking -Stage 4 - 6-12, Industry vs Inferiority, teachers important, skills taught, work towards competence of those skills, win approval of others ~Competence, self-pride ~Inferiority, doubting abilities -Stage 5 - 12-18, Identity vs Role confusion, childhood to adulthood, feeling they belong in society, learn rules of adulting and who they are ~Fidelity, see themselves as unique ~Rebellion, confusion in themselves -Stage 6 - 18-40, Intimacy vs Isolation, search for intimate, close relationships with others ~Love ~Isolation -Stage 7 - 40-65, Generativity vs Stagnation, establish career, settle down, family important, apart of the bigger picture, giving back ~Care for others ~Unproductive, stagnate -Stage 8 - 65+, Integrity vs Despair, contemplate life, reminisce of productivity of their life ~Wisdom ~Dissatisfaction, despair |
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Vygotsky Sociocultural Cognitive Development Theory |
-Babies have 4 elementary mental functions (attention, sensation, perception, memory) ~Developed into higher mental functions with tutor (parent, teacher) -Tutor needs to be an MKO (more knowledgeable other) -Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Areas children can learn with skills taught by MKO -Language - MKO uses this to teach child, child also uses this to talk to themselves |
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Kohlberg Moral Development |
-How we develop morals (cognition) -Pre-conventional - Do what is right to: ~Avoid punishment (rules fixed) ~Gain reward -Conventional - Do what is right to: ~Be seen as a good boy/girl ~Maintain social order -Post-conventional - Do what is right: ~Even if it goes against laws ~Based on inner conciousness |
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George Mead The I and the Me |
-Looked at how others played a role in how we view ourselves (mostly focuses on significant others) -Me - How we believe others see us (society's view) -I - What do the perceptions of the "Me" mean (individual stepping in, our personal responses to what society says) ~Actual self is balance of "I" and "Me" |
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Charles Cooley Looking Glass Self |
-Influenced by what we think people's opinions are of us, not by their actual opinions |
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Attribution Theory of Behavior |
-How we explain behaviors of others around us -Fundamental attribution error -Self-serving bias -Actor-observer bias - Both FAE and self-serving bias -Individualistic societies (Western) believe success internal, failure external -Collectivist societies (Eastern) believe success external, failure internal |
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Stereotype threat vs self-fulfilling prophesy |
-Stereotype threat - Fear of becoming a stereotype -Self-fulfilling prophesy - Stereotype or opinions of an individual cause the individual to perform in the way they were stereotyped/thought of |
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Stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination |
-ABC model (cognition/stereotype, affective/feeling or prejudice, behavior/discrimination) -Authoritarian personality vulnerable to this
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Frustration Aggression Hypothesis vs Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation |
-Frustration Aggression Hypothesis - Frustrations cause aggression, take aggression out onto others (minorities) -Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation - Show prejudice when deprived of something they feel entitled to |
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Stigma |
-Extreme disapproval of a society towards a behavior or quality in a person -Social stigma - Involve stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination towards someone -Self-stigma - When individual internalizes external factors and feels rejected by society |
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Halo effect |
-Belief that if someone has one good quality, they have many other good qualities |
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Ethnocentric, cultural relativism, xenocentrism, and cultural imperialism |
-Ethnocentric - Judging someone's culture from our own cultural -Cultural relativism - Assessing someone's culture from the other person's culture -Xenocentrism - Viewing another culture superior to your own -Cultural imperialism - Deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture |
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In-group and out-group |
-In-group - Group we share a common psychological value with -Out-group - Group we do not share a common psychological value with -In-group favoritism - Favor in-group, neutral with out-group -Out-group derogation - Favor in-group, discriminate towards out-group |
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Perceived similarity vs similarity bias |
-Perceived similarity - Being around someone makes it seem like they are similar to you -Similarity bias - Cannot befriend those not similar to us |
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Projection bias vs false consensus |
-Projection bias - Assume others have the same beliefs as us -False consensus - Assume everyone agrees with our opinion |
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Social status, social class, and social/cultural capital |
-Social status - Position in society ~Ascribed and achieved -Social class - Economic position in society -Social capital - Connections with others (WHO you know) -Cultural capital - Ability to understand those in a certain class (WHAT you know) |
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Role strain vs role conflict |
-Role strain - Unable to carry out obligations of a specific role ~1 role -Role conflict - Conflict between two different roles of the same individual ~2 or more roles |
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Primary and secondary groups |
-Primary - Core social group (parents, friends from childhood) ~In-group refers to people we identify with -Secondary - Formal, temporary, business-like relationships (employees) |
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Dramaturgical Approach/Theory |
-Front stage - Behavior in social settings -Back stage - Behavior in more private settings -Impression management - Attempt to control how others see us in front stage ~Worked on in back stage |
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Types of organizations |
-Utilitarian - Members paid for effort (job) -Normative - Members come together through shared goals (church) -Coercive - Members don't have a choice in membership (jail) |
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Characteristics of ideal bureacracy |
-Bureaucratization - Organizations become increasingly governed by laws and policies -Division of labor -Hierarchy of organization -Written rules -Impersonality - Individuals conduct activities in unbiased manner -Employment based on qualifications |
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Mating |
-Random mating -Assortative mating- With similar ~Inclusive fitness - Similar to kin selection of altruism -Dis-assortative mating - With dissimilar |
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Symbolic interactionism vs social constructionism |
-SI - Part of microsociology, significance given to objects, events, and symbols by an individual ~Focuses on individual -SC - Larger scale than SI |
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Rational Choice Theory vs Exchange Theory |
-RCT - People driven by self-interests, make rational decisions by weighing pros and cons to gain the most benefit -ET - Application of RCT in social interactions |
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Medicalization |
-Human conditions previously considered normal defined and treated as medical conditions |
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Life Course, Age Stratification, Activity, Disengagement, and Continuity Theory |
-LCT - Exposed to various sources throughout life that cause certain behaviors/actions -AST - Behavior defined based on our age group -AT - Aging more smoothly when elderly stay socially active/engaged -DT - Aging involves withdrawal from society -CT - People maintain basic structure throughout their life |
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Gentrification |
-Movement of wealthier people to a community, increasing property value, displacing poorer communities |
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World Systems, Modernization, and Dependency Theory |
-WST - World acts as single unit/global economy, consist of core (US, Europe), periphery (Africa, LA), and semi-periphery (India) nations -MT - Underdeveloped countries follow similar path to become a traditional modern society -DT - Disagrees with MT, says periphery countries just supply raw materials to core countries, periphery depends on core, cannot become a modern society |
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Hyperglobalist, Skeptical, and Transformationalist Perspective |
-HP - Globalization new age, countries becoming one global society -SP - Globalization not occuring for third world countries, critical of globalization -TP - Just see world as changing |
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Theories of social movements |
-Mass Society - Society naturally has individuals in the periphery of society, greater chance to move towards extremism (social movements) -Relative Deprivation - Join due to feeling of oppression -Resource Mobilization - Focuses on resources needed for a social movement -Rational Choice - Weigh pros and cons |
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Types of cultures |
-Culture - Ideas, values, beliefs, and rules that make up a society -Subculture - Culture that distinguishes itself from the larger dominant culture, provide support throughout lifespan (ethnic groups, social class) ~Meso-level -Micro-culture - Unable to support throughout lifespan (boy scouts) -Counterculture - Subculture that rejects/violates main values of dominant culture (Amish) |
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Cultural lag |
-Non-material culture takes time to catch up with material culture -Cars (material) invented, road laws (non-material) resistant to change, slow to catch up |
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Culture shock |
-Feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, or fear when exposed to unfamiliar culture |
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Glass ceiling, cliff, and elavator |
-Glass ceiling - Invisible barrier preventing minorities from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy -Glass cliff - Minority put into leadership role during high likelihood of failure -Glass elevator - Majority rising faster than minority dominant environments |
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Meritocracy |
-People achieve social position due to ability and achievements |
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Theory of Intersectionality |
-Need to understand how every level of discrimination an individual faces exist simultaneously |
