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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did James (1902) do? |
- stream of consciousness - continuous flow, always shifting |
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what is meant by Conscious thought? |
- aware of it (attention) |
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what is meant by Unconscious thought? |
- unaware of it (without attention) |
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what is meant by non-conscious? |
- unaware and inaccessible |
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what is meant by controlled processes? |
- we intend for them to occur |
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what is meant by automatic processes? |
- they happen whether we want them to or not |
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what does an EEG usually measure? |
- consciousness and brain activity |
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what are Beta brain waves? What is the range of cps? |
- normal waking thought - 13-24 |
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what are Alpha brain waves? What is the range of cps? |
- deep relaxation, meditation - 8-12 cps |
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what are Theta brain waves? What is the range of CPS? |
- light sleep - 4-7 |
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what are Delta brain waves? what is the range of CPS? |
- deep, dreamless sleep - <4 |
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what is meant by Circadian Rhythms? |
- 24hr biological cycles - regulation of sleep/other body functions |
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when are growth hormones released? |
- at night time |
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what is the physiological pathway of the biological clock? |
- light levels > retina > suprachiasmatic of hypothalamus > pineal glad > secretion of melatonin |
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what does a electromyograph measure? |
- muscle activity |
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what does a electrooculography measure? |
- eye movements |
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what happens in the 1st stage of the Stages of sleep? |
- brief, transitional (1-7 mins) - alpha > theta - hyping jerks |
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what happens in the 2nd stage of the stages of sleep? |
- sleep spindles (10-25 mins) |
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what happens in stages 3 & 4 of the stages of sleep? |
- slow-wave sleep (30 mins) - delta waves |
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what happens in stage 5 of the stages of sleep? |
- REM - vivid dreaming |
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how many times do you cycle through the stages of sleep a night? |
- about 4 times |
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what brain structures are in the Ascending reticular activating system? |
- pons, medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system |
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What do neurotransmitters have to do with sleep? |
- play a role in being awake, alert, sleep - acetylcholine, serotonin - norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA |
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what is hypothesis 1 of why we sleep? |
- sleep evolved to conserve organisms' every |
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what is the 2nd hypothesis of why we sleep? |
- immobilization during sleep is adaptive because it reduces danger |
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what is the 3rd hypothesis of why we sleep? |
- sleep helps animals to restore energy and other bodily resources |
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what can be effected by partial deprivation or sleep restriction? |
- impaired attention - reaction time - coordination - decision making |
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what is meant by memory consolidation? |
- brain goes over what we learned throughout the day, helps memory get more stuck |
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what is insomnia? what is it caused by? |
- difficulty falling or staying asleep - can be caused by either physical pain, but can also be emotional (can't stop brain from thinking) |
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what is Narcolepsy? |
- falling asleep uncontrollably |
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what is sleep apnea? |
- reflexive gasping for air - sleeping and body stops breathing |
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what are nightmares? |
- anxiety-arousing dreams |
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what are night terrors? |
- intense arousal and panic |
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what is Somnambulism? |
- sleep walking |
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what is the "hyperarousal model of insomnia"? |
- "theory" that the heart rate/body is in a heightened state which doesn't allow them proper rest |
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what is REM sleep behaviour disorder? |
- lack of typical sleep paralysis, act out dreams |
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when does sleep walking & night terrors usually occur? |
- deep sleep - earlier in the night |
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when do nightmares take place? |
- nightmares can happen whenever |
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define dreams |
- mental experiences during sleep |
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when do dreams usually happen? |
- mostly in REM sleep but can also happen in non-REM sleep |
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the content in dreams is usually _________. |
- familiar |
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the common themes of dreams are? |
- being chased, sex, school, falling, flying |
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what is meant by waking life spillover/day residue? |
- brain goes over what happened during the day |
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what are lucid dreams? |
- are dreaming/sleeping but are aware of it and can control dreams |
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how does culture play a role in dreams? |
- plays a role in the meaning of dreams - in our culture, don't think they predict the future - other cultures/past, do put meaning to dreams |
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what was Freud's theory of dreaming? |
- wish fulfillment - below there is a deeper meaning, symbolism - guide to interpret dreams |
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what was Cartwright's theory of dreaming? |
- problem solving - act out problems you have in real life and dreams give potential solutions to the problem |
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what was Hobson's & McCarley's theory of dreaming? |
- activation synthesis - random stimulation in brain and try to make sense of it - takes sensory impulses and turn them into meaning |
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define hypnosis |
- a system procedure that increases suggestibility. |
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how does hypnotic suggestibility differ between individuals? |
- some are very easy to hypnotize, some are very hard, some are in between |
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what are the effects produced through hypnosis? |
- anesthesia (blocking pain) = well hypnotized - sensory distortions and hallucinations = smell/see different than what you actually do - disinhibition = do thinks you wouldn't normally do |
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what is meant by dissociation? |
- splitting mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness |
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what are the myths about hypnosis? |
- relaxation is necessary - its a sleep like state - hypnosis can allow people to "relive" the past - you lose control - you can remember things better - you can perform impossible feats |
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what is meant by "illusory correlations"? |
- correlations that cause illusions - think things are correlated but are not |
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define meditation |
- practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control |
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what do psychoactive drugs do? |
- modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning |
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what do Narcotics do? Examples |
- pain relieving - morphine, codeine |
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what are Sedatives? Examples. |
- sleep inducing - barbiturates, downers |
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what do Stimulants do? Examples. |
- increase CNS activity - caffeine, nicotine, cocaine |
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what do hallucinogens do? Examples. |
- distort sensory and perceptual experience - LSD |
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what does Cannabis do? |
- produce mild, relaxed euphoria |
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what does alcohol do? |
- produces relaxed euphoria, decreases inhibitions |
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what does MDMA do? |
- produces a warm, friendly euphoria - similar to hallucinogens and amphetamines |
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define tolerance |
- the progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug |
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Drugs can ...... |
- mimic neurotransmitters (agonists) - block their (neurotransmitters) effects (antagonists) - increase the release of neurotransmitters - prevent reuptake - trigger the "reward" pathway in the brain (related to dopamine) |
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define learning |
- any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge due to experience |
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what are phobias? |
- irrational fears - excessive anxiety, panic |
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what is agoraphobia? |
- fear of being in public places |
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what is meant by conditioning? |
- learning connections between events that occur - (food - food poisoning - can't seem to eat that food again) |
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what are the two kinds of learning? |
- classical & operant |
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who came up with classical conditioning? |
- Ivan Pavlov - early 1900s |
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what is an unconditioned stimulus? |
- A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response - food |
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what is a conditioned stimulus? |
- a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response - bell sounds |
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what is an unconditioned response? |
- behavior that occurs naturally due to a given stimulus - salivating to food |
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what is a conditioned response? |
- an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus. - salivating to bell sound |
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you can condition physiological processes as well (true/false) |
- true |
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what is meant by "trial"? |
- pairing of UCS and CS |
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what is meant by "elicited" ? |
- reflexes are relatively automatic
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what is meant by acquisitions? |
- initial stage in learning |
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what is meant by stimulus contiguity? |
- CS and UCS occurring together in time and space |
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what are the 3 types of classical conditioning? |
- Simultaneous conditioning - short-delayed conditioning - trace conditioning |
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what is meant by simultaneous conditioning? |
- CS and UCS begin and end together |
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what is meany by short-delayed conditioning? |
- CS begins just before the UCS, end together |
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what is meant by trace conditioning? |
- CS begins and ends before UCS is presented |
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what is meant by extinction when talking about classical conditioning? |
- CS and UCS no longer paired, CR response to CS weakened |
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what is meant by spontaneous recovery when talking about classical conditioning? |
- extinguished response (CR) reappears after period of non-paring |
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what is meant by stimulus generalization when talking about classical conditioning? |
- CR occurs to other stimuli similar to the CS |
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what is meant by discrimination when talking about classical conditioning? |
- learn to response to a specific stimulus |
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what is meant by Higher-order conditioning when talking about classical conditioning? |
- use CS as if it is an UCS to pair the new stimulus to the response |
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what is meant by evaluative conditioning when talking about classical conditioning? |
- pair stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli to change liking |
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what is meant by the renewal effect when talking about classical conditioning? |
extinguish response in different environment, returns when back in original environment. |
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who came up with the Law of Effect? |
- Edward L. Thorndike |
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define operant conditioning |
- learning where responses come to be controlled by their consequences |
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what is the Law of Effect? |
- if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to good effect, the association between stimulus & response is strengthened |
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who came up with operant conditioning? |
- B.F. Skinner (1953) - principle of reinforcement - tend to repeat actions that lead to favourable consequences |
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what is meant by reinforcement contingencies when talking about operant conditioning? |
- rules/circumstances that determine when a response leads to reinforcement |
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what is meant by primary reinforcers? |
- satisfy biological needs - food |
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what is meant by secondary reinforcers? |
- learned to value it, awards, money |
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what is meant by "discriminative stimuli" |
- cues that indicate whether reinforcement will occur or not |
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what is meant by "superstitious behaviour"? |
- associate an irrelevant behaviour with reinforcement |
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what are the schedules of reinforcement? |
- Continuous (every time) - intermittent (partial) - (not every time) |
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what is meant by positive reinforcement? |
- response followed by rewarding stimulus |
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what is negative reinforcement? |
- response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus |
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what is meant by punishment? |
- add aversive stimuli - remove rewarding stimuli |
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what is meant by external motivation? |
- motivation comes from a pressure or consequences outside of oneself (rewards) |
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what is meant by internal motivation? |
- drive to do something because you want to do it |
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what is meant by Latent learning? Examples. |
- not realizing that learning has occurred until you go and test it - not apparent when it first occurs, can happen without any reinforcement contingency - ex. cognitive maps |
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what are cognitive maps? |
- mental representations that help us navigate |
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Biological constraints on conditioning, what is an example of this? |
- instinctive drift - natural responses get in way of conditioning |
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what is meant by "evolutionary perspectives on learning"? |
- each species ready to learn certain things |
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what is meant by "response outcome relations?" |
- more likely to strengthen response if the person (or animal) thinks it caused the outcome |
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who came up with observational learning? |
- Albert Bandura |
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what is observational learning? |
- learn by watching others - watch what they do |
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what is Vicarious conditioning? |
- see if the model is rewarded or punished |
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what are the 4 key processes of observational learning? |
- attention (pay attention to model) - retention - remember what observed - reproduction - able to try the behaviour - motivation - want to try the behaviour |
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what are mirror neurons? |
- neurons that fire when you see someone else perform an action |
