Psych Midterm 3

Front 1

Personality

Back 1

Characteristics, emotional responses and ways in which individuals responds to the environment; differ across individuals and are relatively consistent across time.

Front 2

Developmental theories of personality

Back 2

Attachment (how does the bond with your primary caregiver impact)

Freudian

Social Learning

Front 3

Trait

Back 3

Characteristic and stable pattern of thought, feeling, or behavior. Building blocks of personality - structuralist notion.

Front 4

Traits - Big 5 OCEAN

Back 4

Openness to experience - How much of a risk taker

Conscientiousness - How responsible, organized

Extraversion - Socialness

Agreeableness - Kind, thoughtful, trusting

Neuroticism - Anxiety, worrier, insecure

Front 5

Theory of Temperamentum

Back 5

Black bile: Melancholy/sad

Yellow bile: Choleric/angry

Phlegm: Phlegmatic/lethargic

Blood: Sanguine/Cheerful

Front 6

Temperament

Back 6

Differences in emotional responding

Front 7

Stable Temperament

Back 7

When measured in womb: predict parent reports at 3 months, observations at age 4, and peer and teacher reports at 8 and beyond (though can also change, inhibited can and do sometimes become uninhibited)

Front 8

Eysenrick

Back 8

Differences in extraversion and introversion due to arousability - also thought to be a primary factor in temperament

Front 9

Extraverts

Back 9

Low arousability, so they seek external stimulation

Front 10

Introverts

Back 10

Higher arousability, so they avoid external stimulation.

Front 11

Gray: Differences due to behavioral Inhibition system and behavioral activation system

Back 11

Extraverts BAS > BIS

More sensitive to rewards than punishmentIntroverts

BIS > BAS

More sensitive to punishment than rewards (use positive punishment)

Front 12

Big 5: genetic basis

Back 12

Not just extraversion that’s heritable, actually all Big 5 traits appear to be heritable

Identical twins more similar than fraternal twins on all Big 5 dimensions

Front 13

Attachement Theory

Back 13

Bonds between infant and caregiver will influence the individual’s interaction with others throughout the lifespan

Front 14

Avoidant

Back 14

Dismissive of relationships

Front 15

Secure

Back 15

Comfortable with relationships, easily formed

Front 16

Anxious ambivalent

Back 16

Want relationships but insecure

Front 17

Developmental focus

Back 17

Personality will be determined by how child passes through early psychosexual stages. Fixations occur when under stress regress to problematic area.

Front 18

Oral

Back 18

Gains sensual gratification through mouth

Front 19

Anal

Back 19

Toilet training important

Adult may be compulsively neat and precise

Front 20

Phallic

Back 20

Oedipal or Electra complex (fixation on opposite sex parent) gives way to identification with same sex parent

Adult may not be comfortable in sex role

Front 21

Unconscious motives

Back 21

ego, id, superego

Front 22

Ego

Back 22

Decision making, reality, conscious

Front 23

Id

Back 23

Primitive, pleasure, unconscious

Front 24

Superego

Back 24

Moral, social, somewhat conscious

Front 25

Conflicts of Id, Ego, Superego

Back 25

- repression (repress thoughts)

- rationalization (creating excuses justify behavior)

- projection (attributing own state to another)

- displacement (diversion of state to another target)

- reaction formation (exaggerated opposite way) - sublimation (redirecting motive towards more desirable social ends)

Front 26

Modeling

Back 26

Children will imitate the behaviors (aggressive, sex-typed, etc) of adults or peers that they like or that they see rewarded

Front 27

Locus of control

Back 27

The extent to which believe influential forces lie within or outside the individual

Front 28

Self-efficacy:

Back 28

Beliefs about self’s ability and competence. Can be domain specific

High self-efficacy may lead to greater persistence on challenging tasks

Front 29

Self-actualizing motive

Back 29

The process by which people strive to fulfill their potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding (top of Maslow’s Pyramid)

Front 30

Humanistic Theory on what shapes personality

Back 30

Ideal self

Ought self

Actual self

Person is always trying to bring the actual self into congruence with the other two

Front 31

Ideal self

Back 31

Which one hopes to be

Front 32

Ought self

Back 32

Who one thinks one should be

Ideal-ought incongruity can lead to anxiety

Front 33

Actual self

Back 33

What one is right now

Ideal-actual incongruity can lead to depression

Front 34

Situationism

Back 34

The theory that situations determine behavior at any specific time point more than traits

Front 35

Strong vs weak situations

Back 35

Strong situations are those most likely to determine behavior (funeral, job interview, classroom, etc) whereas personality can predict behavior in a weak situation (parties, parks, dorm rooms, etc)

Front 36

Interactionism

Back 36

The theory that behavior is jointly determined by underlying dispositions and by situations

Front 37

Social Psychology

Back 37

The brain of the individual

Basic capacities

What makes individuals individual

Social learning, misinformation, theory of mind, role of attachment

Front 38

Triplett (1898) discovered the social facilitation effect

Back 38

Bikers faster if others are on the track

Did an experiment with fishing reels - the presence of others made the kids go faster

Front 39

Pepsin found sometimes “Social inhibition”

Back 39

Essay writing task, people were slower when others were around

Front 40

Zajonc’s Solution

Back 40

If easy or well-practiced task - facilitation

If hard or new task - inhibition

Front 41

Conformity

Back 41

Yielding to real or imagined social pressure

Asch’s line length study

Front 42

Cohesiveness (Conformity)

Back 42

Liking for a group increase conformity - normative

Front 43

Normative influence (Conformity)

Back 43

We want to be liked, will do what it takes to get along

Front 44

Group size (Conformity)

Back 44

Increasing numbers increases conformity

Front 45

Informational influence

Back 45

We want to be right, when situation is ambiguous, we look to others for right answer

Front 46

People follow orders

Back 46

Milligram's pain study

Hofling (1966) nurse study

Obedience dropped to less than 10% when another person said no. Probably through informational influence, seeing another person refuse made participant realize it was ok to disobey

Front 47

Attitudes

Back 47

the study of likes and dislikes

Front 48

Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

Back 48

When our thoughts and actions are inconsistent, we become uncomfortable - feel dissonance

Front 49

Bem’sself-perception theory

Back 49

Wesay we like whatever follows our behavior

In hazing when people are really mean to you,you become MORE attached and loyal to them (“wowI went through so much to join this group…I must care about it A LOT”)

Front 50

Aronson’s“harsh initiation” effect

Back 50

We value groups we need to work hard to belongto, presumably because of consistency/self-perception processes

Women who went through the harsh initiationgroup wanted to come back so badly, while the women in the less harsh groupthought it was boring and were not planning on coming back.

Front 51

Cialdini’s work on compliance (or, what to dowhen you want stuff, and why it works)

Back 51

Foot in the door: large requests are grantedmore often if preceded by a small request (want to be consistent)

Door in the face: small requests are grantedmore often if first get a refusal of a large request (want to be liked)

Front 52

Abnormal Psychology

Back 52

What is “abnormal” differs across cultures andacross times in history (e.g. Great Depression, no one threw away anything –now we call that the disorder of “hoarding”) – the inability and fear to throwthings away is actually a disorder in this day and age

Front 53

Two major types of mental disorders

Back 53

Clinical disorders: generally more severe, canbe temporary or long-lasting, low level of functioning

Personality disorders: milder disorders,longstanding, high level of functioning (read about in your textbook)

Front 54

DSM:Diagnostic manual (just updated to five)

Back 54

Neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive:dysfunction of brain (Medical amnesia, Alzheimer’s, etc.)

Substance: alcoholism

Schizophreniaand psychoses

Mood(Depression, bipolar)

Anxiety(Phobias, panic disorder)

Trauma and stressor related (PTSD)

Dissociative: alterations in identity (fugue)

Genderdysphoria in adults and children

Childhood disorders (autism, ADHD)

Front 55

Schizophrenia and the psychoses

Back 55

"Split mind” – disturbances of thought that spillover to affect perceptual, social and emotional processes

Front 56

Catatonic

Back 56

Severe motor disturbance, usually characterized by muscular stupor, mutism or echolalia. Sit in contorted positions and rarely talk to you, but sometimes repeat what you say to them word for word.

Front 57

Paranoid

Back 57

Delusions of grandeur and/or persecution. Seems normal unless you discuss areas of paranoia. They are highly functioning, except for when you hit upon the particular domain in which they have the strong delusional beliefs

Front 58

Disorganize

Back 58

Severemaladaptive behavior (babbling, disorganized, thought and speech; loosenedassociations)

Front 59

Undifferentiated

Back 59

Doesnot fit categories above, may have multiple symptoms

Front 60

Mood disorders

Back 60

Emotional disturbances, may be positive ornegative

Front 61

Depression

Back 61

Mostprevalent disorder (Lifetime prevalence range around 15% major depression, 50%depressive disorder). Women more likely than men (but could be differences insymptomology, men higher in substance abuse/gambling, could beself-medication).

Front 62

Bipolar

Back 62

Experienceof both depression and mania(relatively rare mood disorder, 1%)

Front 63

Symptoms of Depression

Back 63

Negative emotional state

Slow cognitive processing, difficultyconcentrating

Fatigue or insomnia, decreased interest in foodand sex

Hallmark of depression is that the reason youhave a negative emotional state is because things that you previously found tobe rewarding no longer are.

Feelings of guilt, thoughts of suicide

Front 64

Riskfactors for Mood Disorder

Back 64

Genetic vulnerability, norepinphrine andserotonin disturbances in depression, larger genetic factor in bipolar than indepression

Situational and cognitive factors important fordepression

Loss of control/learned helplessness (Seligman’sdogs)

Front 65

Idiographic Approaches

Back 65

Person centered approaches to studying personality. Focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons. People are different.

Front 66

Nomothetic Approaches

Back 66

Approaches to studying personality that focus on how common characteristics vary form person to person.

Front 67

Projective Measures

Back 67

Explore the unconscious by having people describe or tell stories about ambiguous stimulus items. Ex. Rorschach inkblots

Front 68

Objective Measures

Back 68

Straightforward assessment of personality. Involve, self-report questionnaires or observer ratings. Measuring only what the raters believe or observe, make no pretense of uncovering hidden conflicts.

Front 69

Situationism

Back 69

Behaviors are determined more by situation

Front 70

Interactionists

Back 70

Behaviors are determined equally by situation and traits

Front 71

Nonverbal behavior (body language)

Back 71

The facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others.

Front 72

Thin Slices of Behavior

Back 72

People can make accurate judgements based on only a few seconds of observation.

Front 73

Gait

Back 73

How people walk, provides information about affective state.

Front 74

Attributions

Back 74

Are people's explanations for events or actions, including other people's behavior.

Front 75

Personal attributions

Back 75

Explanations that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts.

Front 76

Situational Attributions

Back 76

Explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people's actions.

Front 77

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 77

In explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors.

Front 78

Correspondance Bias

Back 78

Tendency to expect behaviors of others to correspond with our own beliefs and personalities.

Front 79

Borderline personality disorder

Back 79

A personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, in affect, and in impulse control.

Front 80

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Back 80

A personality disorder marked by a lack of empathy and remorse

Front 81

Autism

Back 81

Deficits in social interaction, impaired communication

Front 82

ADHD

Back 82

Restlessness, inattentiveness and impulsivity

Front 83

DBT

Back 83

Combines behavioral and cognitive treatments. Used to treat borderline personality disorder.

Front 84

Seasonal Effective Disorder

Back 84

Occurs when days get shorter in winter

Front 85

Generalized anxiety

Back 85

Chronic high level of anxiety without a specific focus, “free floating"

Front 86

Phobias

Back 86

Specific fear of an object or action, irrationally exaggerated

Front 87

Simple phobias

Back 87

Animals, heights, water, closed spaces

Front 88

Social phobias

Back 88

fear of speaking or eating in public

Front 89

Panic disorder

Back 89

Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety and terror

Front 90

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Back 90

Intrusive thoughts, sometimes with uncontrollable urges (rituals) to reduce anxiety

Front 91

Panic

Back 91

Anxiety sensitivity may reflect in increased arousal of central nervous system

Front 92

Gender Identity Disorder / Gender Dysphoria

Back 92

If and ONLY if gender identity causes significant distress or impairment of a crucial aspect of everyday life, it is considered a disorder

Front 93

Biological Approaches

Back 93

Electroconvulsive therapy - shock the brain

TMS - knockout specific functions

DBS - brain pacemaker

Front 94

Pharmacological Approaches

Back 94

Antipsychotics, antidepressants ,anti-anxiety

Front 95

Psychoanalysis Insight therapy

Back 95

Verbal interactions between therapist and client designed to enhance self knowledge and produce psychological change

Purpose to discover unconscious conflicts and motives

Front 96

Client Centered/Rogerian Therapy

Back 96

Purpose to lead to self awareness and self acceptance

Front 97

Behavior Therapies

Back 97

Focus on behavioral symptom, not on thought that leads to it.

Front 98

Cognitive

Back 98

Gentle change therapist: warm and non confrontational

Front 99

Rational/Emotive

Back 99

Therapist confronts irrational beliefs

Front 100

Systematic desensitization

Back 100

Reduces phobic or anxious responses through progressive counterconditioning

Front 101

Flooding

Back 101

Behavioral therapy in which face fear, assume will break exaggerated terror

Front 102

Aversion therapy

Back 102

Reduces troublesome behavior through aversive conditioning (shock or nausea)

Front 103

Observational training

Back 103

Relies on learning to enhance social skills, assertiveness, communication skills, etc.