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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language
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System of symbols, sound meanings and rules of combination that allow for communication among humans
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Benjamin Whorf
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Linguistic relativity one's language determines one's thoughts
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Semantics
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The study of the meaning of words/combinations/sentences
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Syntax
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The structure of a language, underlying rules of order/function
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Gleason Study
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Language rules are generative
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Overregularizations
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Grammatical rules incorrectly generalized to exception cases
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Language Acquisitio Device
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Humans possess an inborn language mechanism
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Surface Structure
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Particular words used
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Deep structure
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Notion of nouns, verbs, commands
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Expressive Language
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The ability to produce langage
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Receptive Language
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The ability to comprehend, process and integrate the meaning of language
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Stanges in Language Development
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Crying
Cooing Babbling First Words Holophrases (simple word conveys meaning) Telgraphic Speech ("content" word sentences) By age 6 learn average of 15 words/day |
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Nonverbal COmmunication
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Vocal Intonation (stress, pitch, volume)
Body Language (crossed arms, sitting up) Gestures Physical DIstance Facial Expressions Touch |
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Bi lingualism
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Some question about language acquisition, but often see similar cumulative
Easier to learn for younger people |
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Critical period
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If you dont learn something then, that capacity will be gone. Language appears to be sometimes sensitive/critical
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Learning Theory and Language
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Language is based on modeling, imitation, exposure and reinforcement
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Thought
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An extension of perception and memory. Mental representations are formed, recalled and manipulated
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Concepts and Categories
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Objects are classified on the basis of their properties
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Concepts
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A mental representation of a category
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Categorization
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recognizing an object as a member of a group
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Prototypes
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We rate things based on their similarity to models or prototypes which represent the main characteristic of a group
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Rosch
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Concepts are defined by a prototype or the most typical member of a class
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Reasoning
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The process by which we generate and evaluate arguements
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Algorithm
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A methodical step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives to solve a problem
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Deductive Reasoning
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Draw conclusions from a set of assumptions; the conclusion is true if the premise is true
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Syllogism
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Form of deductive reasoning, consists of two premises and a conclusion
-All A are B C is an A Therefore C is a B |
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Problem Solving
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Transform one situation into another to meet a goal. Active efforts to achieve the goal
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Greeno's three types of problems
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Problems of inducing structure: relationships b/t numbers, words, symbols
o Problems of Inducing Structure: relationship between numbers, words and symbols • Figuring out the next number in a pattern o Problems of Arrangement: arrange the parts of a problem to satisfy a criterion (anagrams) • Re-arranging letters to make a word o Problems of Transformation: Need to carry out a sequence in order to achieve a specific goal |
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Framing
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How decisions or problem solving is posed may change the decision making task
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Hypothesis Testing
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Make and test an educated guess about a problem/solution
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Mental Simulation
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Mental rehearsal of the steps needed to solve a problem
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Mental Set
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Tendency to stick to solutions which have worked in the past
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Functional Fixedness
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Our tendency to rely on a function for an object and ignore other possible uses
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Confirmation Bias
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We seek to confirm what we already believe
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Distraction by irrelevant information
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People often get sidetracked and it detracts from effective problem solving
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