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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Absolute Threshold
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the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a stimulus (light, sound, pressure, odor, taste) 50% of the time.
Vision: 30 miles Odor: 1 drop of perfume in 3 bedroom house Sound: 20 feet |
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When does subliminal stimulation work?
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1) forced to focus
2) highly motivated 3) lab setting |
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Signal detection theory
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the detection of weak stimulus depends partly on a persons experience, expectation, motivation, and level of fatigue.
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Sensory Adaptation
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diminished sensitivity to a prolonged, unchannging stimulus
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Just noticable difference
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the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimulus 50% of the time Focused on and researched by Weber.
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Difference theshold
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Two stimulus must differ in porportion, rather then be consistent with one another
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Naive realism
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Picture, compare reality to picture, two imperfect copies, Plato
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Constructive Perception
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Parallel processing, mind processes everything at once
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Psychophysics
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How the physical world gets in our brains
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Affect of subliminal advertising
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Subtle influence on thinking, no affect on behavior
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Affects of backward masking
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no influence, active construction by listener
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Vision
How do we see depth? |
We only see a small spectrum of what is out there
Binocular cues |
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Feature Detectors
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Corticol neurons that recieve information from visual cortex and respond to specific features of scene such as shape, angles, or movement
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Pheromones
ants, dogs, humans |
Odorous secretions that transmit information.
ants: death dogs: mark territory humans: menstrual cycle sychro |
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Sislo and Limens
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Sislo: two point threshold
Limens: threshold |
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Perception
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Arises from different signals, multiple neurons, many systems, each performing a simple task
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Gestalt
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An organized whole, tendancy to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Complete even when items are missing.
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Groupings
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Proximity
Depth Perception Similarity Closure Continuity Connectedness |
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Proximity
Continuity |
group elements together that are close to each other
smooth continuous patterns |
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Connectedess
Depth Perception |
Uniform and links, spots, shapes, lines, single unit, all of them
Binocular cues |
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Similarity
Closure |
group similar looking figures
fills in gaps to complete shape |
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Perceptual adaptation
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We can adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. (women in film)
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Context Effect
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a later stimulus determines an earlier one
"eel on the wagon" = wheel "eel on the orange" = peel |
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Perceptual set
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a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. We see things based on our experiences (i.e. role expectations)
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Perceptual constancy
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allows us to perceive an object as unchanging while the stimuli we recieve change.
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Size constancy
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size is the same, even when the distance varies
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Shape constancy
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familar objects have constant form even while retinal images change
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ESP
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Claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
science cannot prove or disprove |
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Telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
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telepathy: direct communication one ming to another
clairvoyance: Perception of remote events precognition: Perception of future events |
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Parapsychology
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The study of unusual psychological phenonmena
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Consciousness
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the awareness of internal and external stimuli. Selective attention to ongoing, perception, thought, and feelings
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Controlled process
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demand high concentration, alertness (i.e. taking exam)
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Automatic process
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"auto pilot" little awareness or attention (driving a stick shift), hypnosis is the state.
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How often do we cycle through variaions in consciousness
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90 minutes
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Daydreams
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reduced eye movement, high levels of alpha activity
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James
Frued |
focus on consciousness
Unconsciousness |
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Infradian rhythems
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occur less frequently than once a day (i.e. menstrual cycle)
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Circadian rhythems
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Once a day (i.e. sleep and wake cycle)
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Ultradian rhythems
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follow a 90 minute cycle throughout the day and during sleep. Shorter then circadian.
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Stage one
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slow, irregular waves, slow breath, hallucinations
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Stage two
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sleep spindles, rapid, rythmic brain activity
where you spend most of the night |
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Stage three
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delta waves begin to emerge, hard to arrounse, trans
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Stage four
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complete delta waves, sleep talk, sleep walk, etc.
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Rem
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Heart rate increases, breathing increases, rapid eye movement, relaxed
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REM rebound
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go directly into REM sleep, catch up, two week balance
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psychoanalytical
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dreams are keys to understanding inner conflict
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physiological
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making sense of visual brain stimulation, preserving neural pathways
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computer analogy
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info processing
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hypnosis
who invented it theories effects |
Discovered by Frank Mesmer
Hightened state of suggestability trouble distinguishing fact from truth anesthesia, sensory distortion, disinhibition, post hypnotic suggestions |
