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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sociocultural perspective |
the view that a persons views are affected by factors such as nationality, social class, and historical trends -importance of social norms |
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social learning |
rewards and punishment, observing how others are rewarded/punished for their social behaviors |
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social cognitive |
what we pay attention to in a social situation, how we interpret it, and how we connect the current situation to related experiences in memory |
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social behavior is goal oriented-- |
represents a continual interaction between the person and the situation |
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what is a benefit of a case study
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the use existing records but they don't gather new data
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negative correlations |
as one goes up the other goes down |
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exemplar |
knowledge of a specific episode, event, or individual |
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schema |
knowledge about generalized information |
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priming |
the process of activating knowledge or goals; making them ready to use - active a construct and hope people follow that |
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counterfactual thinking |
thinking about what might have been if something else happened -linked to emotion of regret |
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self perception process |
people observe their own behavior to infer their own internal characteristics -ideas about the kind of person you are |
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self regulation |
process in action; people select, monitor, and adjust their strategies in an attempt to reach their goals |
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pluralistic ignorance |
people in a group misperceive the beliefs of others because everyone acts inconsistently with their beliefs - ex. binge drinking |
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injunctive norms |
what's approved and disapproved in a situation |
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descriptive norms |
what people typically do - ex. wearing blue jeans (in a group) |
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mental scripts |
help us coordinate our behaviors with the behaviors of others and avoid violating the injunctive norms of the situation -schema for a particular event |
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strong situations |
afford a narrower range of opportunities and threats for the people in them and have a very clear threat -have obvious injunctive and descriptive norms |
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weak situations |
afford a relatively wide range of opportunities and threats -lack of clear descriptive norms, behaviors of others vary greatly, few injunctive norms |
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individualistic cultures |
view themselves as unique individuals and to prioritize their personal goals |
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collectivistic cultures |
view themselves in terms of their relationships and as a member of the larger social group |
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person-situation fit |
the extent to which a person and a situation are compatible: -situation provides and opportunity -situations change people -situations choose the person -people choose their situations based on opportunity -ability to change a situation -different situations prime different parts of the person |
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multiple selves |
view yourself in different ways |
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downward social comparison |
compare yourself to people who aren't as well off as you |
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upward social comparison |
compare yourself to someone who is better off than you -provides modivation |
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social cognition |
people think about and make sense of themselves and others |
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the four core processes of social cognition |
attention, interpretation, judgement, and memory |
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fundamental attribution error |
we explain someone's behavior based on internal factors, such as personality or disposition andpeople don't discount external factors as much as they should |
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cognitive heuristic |
a mental shortcut used to make a judgement |
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representative heuristic |
how well someones characteristics fit with or represent different groups -use of our expectations and appearance |
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availability heuristic |
mental shortcut to estimate the likelihood of an event by the ease with which instances of that event come to mind -how easy it felt to remember certain situations |
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false consensus effect |
overestimate the extent to which others agree to us |
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anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
people begin with a rough estimation as a starting point and then adjust this estimation to take into account unique characteristics of the present situation |
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"need for structure" |
the extent to which people are motivated to organize their mental and physical worlds in simple ways -form stereotypes easy, attribute others behaviors to their dispositions, personal need for structure scale |
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embodiment |
experience of emotion through physical attributions - ex. smiling because of a pencil in your teeth |
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positive self regard |
belief that we're effective, can accomplish our goals, indicates how we're doing in our social life, how successfully we're living up to societies standards of value |
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correspondent inference theory |
how a person might logically determine whether a particular behavior corresponds to an enduring characteristic of the actor ( the situation now, not from the past) |
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covariation model |
people pick among several possible causes by weighing most heavily the potential cause that best correlates with the event (consistency, distinctiveness, consensus) -behavior intended, consequence foreseeable, occur with free choice |
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discounting principle |
as the number of possible causes increase, we become less sure that any particular cause is the true one |
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augmenting principle |
if an event occurs despite powerful countervailing or opposing forces, we can view the events probable cause as especially potent -from outside the immediate situation, makes your inference stronger |
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motivated tactician |
people change the way they think depending on what the situation needs |
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indirect measure |
people don't know exactly what's being measured |
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mortality salience |
aware about your own death and you turn to the values that are important to you -tend to think of the world more thoroughly when depressed |
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reflected appraisal |
person's perception of how others see and describe them, and that is how they think of themselves |