Psyc2020 Quiz 3 Semester 2 2015

Front 1

How do we define emotion? What are the three components?

Back 1

A feeling state characterized by physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and a cognitive interpretation

Front 2

What is the Physiological component of emotion?

Back 2

State of arousal of the nervous system.

Front 3

Which type of Nervous system is associated with physiological component and what are the three subsystems?

Back 3

Autonomic nervous system (ANS):

> Sympathetic (close to spine) = Fight or flight (SNS)

> Parasympathetic (further away) = Calming down (PSNS); ‘rest and digest’ or ‘feed and breed’.

> Enteric = Visceral (‘feel butterflies’, ‘sick to stomach’). (ENS)

Front 4

The SNS and PSNS often have...

Back 4

Opposite effect

Front 5

What functions does the SNS have?

Back 5

> Dilates pupils

> Inhibits salivation

> Increases respiration

> Accelerates heartbeat

> Stimulates glucose release

> Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

> Inhibits digestion

> Relaxes bladder

> Inhibits genitals

Front 6

What functions does the PSNS have?

Back 6

> Constricts pupils

> Stimulates salivation

> Slows respiration

> Slows heartbeat

> Stimulates gall bladder

> Stimulates digestion

> Contracts bladder

> Stimulates genitals

Front 7

How do we measure physiological responses?

Back 7

Typical measures:

> Galvanic Skin Response

> Pulse / blood pressure> Breathing

> Fidgeting / Startle

Front 8

How are emotions and physiological responses related according to Folk Psychology?

Back 8

1. Perceived Event

2. Emotional Experience

3. Physiological & Behavioural Changes

Front 9

How are emotions and physiological responses related according to Cannon-Bard Theory?

Back 9

1. Perceived Event

2. Emotional Experience

2. Physiological & Behavioural Changes

> Emotions are separate from ANS response and behavior.

Front 10

How are emotions and physiological responses related according to James/Lange Theory?

Back 10

1. Perceived Event

2. Physiological & Behavioural Changes

3. Emotional Experience

Front 11

How do James' and Lange's views differ...?

Back 11

James: Physiological Arousal causes emotion.Lange: Physiological Arousal IS the emotion.

Front 12

What problems are there with James-Lange view?

Back 12

Visceral responses not specific enough to determine particular emotions (e.g., sweating > fever / nervous /excited).

Visceral response would take too long to cause emotion.

Visceral responses can occur without emotions.

> Maranon: Injection of adrenaline produced physiological responses but no clear emotional states. Cannon: Disconnecting viscera from CNS by removing SNS in cats has no effect on emotional expressions.

Emotions can occur without visceral response; in paralyzed people.

Front 13

What is the Facial Feedback-Hypothesis?

Back 13

Expressing a particular emotion puts us (to some extent) into the corresponding emotional state.

> Strong Version:First you laugh out, then you infer “that’s funny” or “I’m happy”.

> Weak Version:Facial Expression modulates Emotion.

Front 14

What were Duchenne's findings?

Back 14

Corrugator muscle involved in frown;

Orbicularis oculi and Zygomaticus major in smile.

Front 15

What was the evidence for facial feedback hypothesis?

Back 15

McCanne & Anderson (1987) instructed participants to suppress or increase the zygomatic or corrugator muscle while imagining pleasant or unpleasant scenes.

Checked with facial EMG.

When reporting their emotional states, suppression of zygomatic muscle led to less enjoyment.

Front 16

What is the facial EMG?

Back 16

Measure expressions:

Electrodes placed on the face record activity in various muscles.Positive emotions increase activity in cheeks.Negative emotions increase activity in forehead and brow areas.

Front 17

Any more evidence for facial feedback hypothesis (stimulated)?

Back 17

Laird (1974): Stimulated facial muscles (touching them and asking participants to contract them) to create different emotional expressions (cover story, checked with EMG).

Then had participants rate emotional state and funniness of cartoons. Participants told to contract muscles producing happy expression reported being happier and that cartoons were funnier than people in sad condition.

Problem: Participants probably realized which facial expression was generated.Confound - knew what experimenter wanted.

Front 18

Any more evidence for facial feedback hypothesis (pens)?

Back 18

Attempt to overcome confound... Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988): asked participants to hold pen in mouth in 2 different ways (lip / teeth) or in their non-dominant hand while filling out questionnaire (cover story). Then participants had to rate funniness of cartoon. People in teeth condition rated cartoons as significantly funnier than people in lips condition

Front 19

Any more evidence for facial feedback hypothesis from botox?

Back 19

Hennenlotter et al. (2008), fMRI: Botox injections into ‘frown muscles’ decrease activity in brain regions that process emotions (amygdala and brain stem).

Havas et al. (2010): Botox injections slow reading of angry and sad sentences but not happy sentences.

Front 20

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory in detail?

Back 20

2. Hypothalamus - evaluates info

3A.

3B. brain Stem - emotional response

Projection to ANS - physiological

Front 21

Papex and MacLean extended the Cannon-Bard Theory...

Back 21

Prefrontal cortex/Hippocampus/Amygdala - the Lymbic system

Front 22

What is Fear conditioning paradigm?

Back 22

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Front 23

What is Classical Conditioning?

Back 23

Pairing of a neutral/non-feared stimulus (CS) with a negative or positive stimulus (US) that evokes certain response (UR).

US: Unconditioned Stimulus (= hardwired, instinctive)

UR: Unconditioned Response (= hardwired response).

CS: Conditioned Stimulus (= to be learnt/associated with US).

CR: Conditioned Response (= follows CS after learning).

Front 24

What was the Little Albert experiment by Watson & Rayner?

Back 24

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Front 25

What is Differential Conditioning?

Back 25

Discrimination of information - Cortex very important!

Front 26

What is Hippocampus important for?

Back 26

Important for context/compound/trace learning

Front 27

What is Amygdala important for?

Back 27

Important for fear learning -

Front 28

What is LeDoux's High Road and Low Road Hypothesis?

Back 28

Low Road: Thalamus > Amygdala > Response

High Road: Thalamus > Cortex > Amygdala > Response

Front 29

Fear without amygdala?

Back 29

a) No conditioning to aversive stimuli

b) Failure to recognize fearful faces and

c) Absence of fear when exposed to fear-provoking stimuli (Adolphs, 1999; Adolphs & Tranel, 2000; Bechara, 1995; Davis et al., 2010; Feinstein et al., 2011).