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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does REBT stand for? Who branded it? |
Rational-emotive behaviour therapy Albert Ellis |
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What are the components of: A -> B -> C -> REBT -> D -> E |
A: Activating events of life B: Beliefs used to process activating events C: Consequences - the emotions and behavioural consequences of what just happened REBT: modify 'B' in order to make change D: Disrupting people's irrational beliefs E: Effect new philosophy - replace with rational beliefs |
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Ellis believed that in a rational world, our natural predispositions are: |
self-preserving pleasure producing less likely to engage in self-defeating activities |
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According to Ellis, what are two main qualities in iB and DA? |
Irrational beliefs & Dysfunctional attitudes: 1. rigid, dogmatic, powerful demands expressed as verbs "must, should, ought to, have to, got to" 2. catastrophizing - highly unrealistic and overgeneralized attributions |
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In Ellis' model, give an example of when C affects A |
Depression: the dysfunctional consequences of A & B are low mood, lack of concentration affects school grades, individual believes they are not smart or should have done better, depression increases |
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What are 3 key components of specialized REBT? |
Consciousness Raising (identify irrational beliefs) Contingency management (confront consequences that seem terrible Counterconditioning (shame attacking exercise) |
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What are 3 intrapersonal conflicts in REBT? |
Anxiety & Defences Self-Esteem Responsibility |
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What are 4 interpersonal conflicts in REBT? |
Intimacy & Sexuality Communication Hostility Control |
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What are Aaron Beck's 5 Cognitive Errors? |
1. Overgeneralizing 2. Selective Abstraction (only measure self from failure events) 3. Excessive responsibility 4. Self-references (I am the centre of everyone's attention, especially when I fail) 5. Dichotomous thinking (black & white thinking) |
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According to Beck, where does psychopathology originate? |
In the preconscious - constructions that reflect the operation of the underlying schemas (cognitive organizations) |
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Which therapist coined the term Content Specificity Hypothesis? What is it and why is it important to therapy? *On Exam* |
Aaron Beck Each disorder has specific underlying cognitive errors/content |
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What are the components of the Cognitive Triad? What follows the Cognitive Triad? |
1. Events are interpreted negatively (PAST) 2. Depressed individuals dislike themselves (PRESENT) 3. The FUTURE is appraised negatively Depression follows the Cognitive Triad |
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What are some of the techniques Beck used in his therapeutic process? |
- Activity scheduling (to elevate mood) - Cognitive restructuring - Teaching patients distance (deal with upsetting thoughts objectively) - Disattribution technique (free themselves from the belief that they are entirely responsible for their difficulties) |
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What are the two key therapies in Constructivist Theory? What are the two constructive articles we read in class? *On Exam* |
Solution-Focused Therapy Narrative Therapy |
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In Solution-Focused Therapy, what are the criteria for well-defined goals? |
1. Positive 2. Process (how) 3. Present (today) 4. Practical (attainable) 5. Specific 6. Client control 7. Client language |
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What are 2 key components in the therapeutic process of Solution-Focused? |
Consciousness raising - raise awareness of exceptions to problems and use the Miracle question Choosing - 4 guides to therapeutic choices: 1. If it works, don't fix it, do more of it 2. If it works a little, build on it 3. If nothing works, experiment and imagine miracles 4. Choose to approach each session like it was the last (change starts now) |
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Does Narrative Therapy like theories? |
No - theories are oppressive and seek to impose one perspective on all people We must turn to our own narratives in order to understand who we are |
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What are the 3 components of the therapeutic process in Narrative Therapy? |
1. Consciousness Raising - raise awareness of our privileged position to construct our own story and how powerful the problem has become 2. Choosing - therapists amplify the client's 'taken-for-granted' survival choices/know-hows 3. Counterconditioning - externalizing the problem, increases control and lessens self-blame or guilt |
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In Psychoanalytic Therarpy, what two forces motivate personality? |
Eros (sex and life) Thanatos (death and aggression) |
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According to Freud, what is the purpose of Defence Mechanisms? |
Defence mechanisms develop to control or restrain sexual and aggressive impulses They prevent us from experiencing anxiety and guilt that would happen if we felt our desires |
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List some specific defence mechanisms *Review the handout listing defence mechanisms - there's a m.c. question on it |
*Mechanisms must be unknown or not consciously employed by individual Altruism Devaluation Displacement Help-rejecting complaining Humour Intellectualization Passive Aggression Projection Reaction Formation Sublimation Suppression |
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What are Freud's 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development? |
1. Oral (birth to 1) 2. Anal (2-3) 3. Phallic (3-6) 4. Latency (6-11) 5. Genital (12+) |
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In Psychoanalytical theory, what causes problems/pathology? |
When someone gets fixated in a stage Those who are fixated have to spend a lot of energy defending themselves against pregenital impulses instead of dealing with adult stressors |
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In Psychoanalytic theory, what are primary and secondary process thinking? What is a characteristic of primary thinking? |
Primary: unconscious (does not distinguish between past, present and future - the past remains alive in our unconscious) Secondary: conscious Displacement: placing energies from highly charged emotional ideas onto more neutral ideas |
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How does Psychoanalytic theory describe the ideal individual? |
The genital personality: - loves sex without the urgent dependence of the oral character - is full potent in work without the compulsivity of the anal character - satisfied with self without the vanity of the phallic character - altruistic, generous, fully socialized and adjusted |
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Who is a prominent psychologist in Psychodynamic Theory? |
Alfred Adler - Individual psychology (developed after he broke away from Freud) Ego Psychology |
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In Psychodynamic theory, what is Fictional Finalism? |
When individuals create their own fictional goals for living (ideal) and act as if their personal goals are the final purpose for life (we all have an ideal self) |
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According to psychodynamic theory, what is the natural reaction to feelings of inferiority? |
Striving for superiority - it's an inevitable human experience Inferiority feelings are not pathological, they motivate us |
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In psychodynamic theory, is birth order important? |
Yes - it is particularly important regarding lifestyle |
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In Psychodynamic theory, what causes pathological personalities? |
When someone has become discouraged from attaining superiority in a socially constructive style They often derive from family atmospheres of competition, mistrust, neglect, domination, abuse or pampering |
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What are 4 selfish goals for obtaining superiority in psychodynamic theory? |
1. Attention seeking 2. Revenge taking 3. Declaring deficiency or defeat 4. Power seeking |
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What are 3 key components of the Psychodynamic therapeutic process? |
1. Consciousness raising - reveal dreams, early memories, family constellations (Bibliotherapy to educate, encourage, empower, enlighten, engage and enhance learning through books) 2. Contingency Control - re-evaluate future goals, use images to help clients re-evaluate their consequences 3. Choosing - clients are freer to choose to stay with old styles or create new life, encourage client to experiment with new alternatives |
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Compare/contrast Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic *Give three reasons why Erikson's theory is psychodynamic and not psychoanalytic |
Psychoanalysis---------Psychodynamic Id (Freud)-------------------Ego (Erikson) Intrapsychic---------------Interpersonal Defenses-------------------Master, adaptation Biological-------------------Social |
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What are the 10 processes of change? |
1. Consciousness raising (education and feedback) 2. Catharsis/dramatic relief 3. Self-reevaluation 4. Environmental reevaluation 5. Self-liberation 6. Social liberation (I'm pretty sure this was not what the question on the exam was asking about but this is what I talked about haha - the question was about social something... I think the second word started with an 'i'...) 7. Counterconditioning 8. Stimulus control 9. Contingency management 10. Helping relationship |
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What do major psychotherapies diverge more on: process or content? |
Content - systems of psychotherapy differ on what to change but tend to agree on how to change it Divergences in content are a function of the multitude of personality theories rather than of a multitude of change processes |
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What are the six stages of change? *know these for m.c. |
1. Precontemplation - fails to recognize problem 2. Contemplation - not ready to change but knows action is required 3. Preparation - intention and taking small steps but not enough to be effective 4. Action - doing something to effect change 5. Maintenance - continued change, not static 6. Termination Also, review Table 17.2 on p. 465 - I found it helpful |
