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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What happens to the skin as we age? |
1.Becomes thinner 2.collegen cross linking causes wrinkles 3. Elastin fibres wear out causing sagging 4. Subcutaneous fat loss 5. Age spots 6. Deceased activity of sweat glands 7. Decreased oil production cuasong dryness |
List 7 |
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Photoaging |
UV rays from sun acclerate aging process of skin |
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What happens to hair as we age? |
Greying due to decrease in pigmentation Thinning due to decrease in diameter of each individual strand |
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Epidermis |
Outermost layer of the skin; protects the underlying tissue |
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Dermis |
Middle layer of the skin, contains protein molecules of collagen and elastin, among which various nerve cells, glans and other follicles reside |
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Subcutaneous |
Fat layer, starts to thin in the middle of adulthood |
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What are the changes in body build as we age? |
Loss of height due to shrinking of vertebrae Weight gain then loss Redistribution of body fat |
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What are the changes in Mobility that come with age? |
Muscle loss - sarcopenia Loss of bone strenght Loss of cartilage in the joints |
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Sarcopenia |
Progressive age-related kiss of muscle tissue Number and size of muscle fibres decreases 12-15% loss per decade |
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Loss of bone strength |
5-12% loss per decade Due to relative increase in bone destruction compared to growth of tissue |
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Loss of cartilage |
Deleterious changes in every component of joint Damage is cumulative over ytime |
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What changes occur to the cardiovascular system with age? |
Loss of aerobic capacity |
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Loss of aerobic capacity |
10% decrease per decade Thickening and hardening of arteries = vasculopathology of aging |
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Respiratory age-related changes |
Loss of expandability of lung tissue changes in chest wall muscles |
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Urinary system age-related changes |
Reduced efficiency of nephron = 6% per decade Loss of bladder expandability Most adults are NOT incontinent |
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Digestive system age-related changes |
There are very minimal effects of aging on the digestive system |
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Hypothalamus-releasing factors (HRF's) |
Produced by hypothalamus Partially regulates secretion of hormones produced by anterior pituitary |
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Hormones produced by anterior pituitary |
Growth hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Prolactin |
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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) |
Partially regulates secretion of hormones produced by anterior pituitary |
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Growth hormone and IGF-1 (Somatotrophic axis) |
Decline in both called somatopause of aging Leads to: 1. loss of bone mineral content 2. increases in fat 3. decrease in muscle mass 4. losses in strength, exercise tolerance, and quality of life in general |
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Why is it bad to take GH? |
Can catalyze "benign" cancers into becoming "malignant" cancers |
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Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis |
Idea that aging causes dangerous increases in cortisol Increased cortisol levels accelerate neuronal loss in the hippocampus |
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Thyroid hormones |
Control basal metabolic rate (BMR) BMR slows in middle age partly due to decreases in thyroid hormones Subclinical hypothyroidism may affect 15-18% of 60+ |
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Melatonin |
Manufactured by the pineal gland Controls circadian rhythms |
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DHEA |
Weak male steroid, most abundant in body Precursor to testosterone and estrogen Decreases with age referred to as Adrenopause Not clear whether replacement therapy is safe, exercise is a less risky alternative |
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Female hormonal changes with age |
Menopause - end of menstration (no period for 1 yr) Perimenopause - preceeding menopause Estrogen and progesterone gradually decrease A. Pituitary send FSH and LH to compensate Hypothalamus sends out less Gonadotrophin-releasing factor Genitals undergo changes interfering with sex Bones, cardiovascular disease, and memory affects by estrogen decline |
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Symptoms of Menopause |
Physical: hot flashes, fatigue, headache, night sweats, insomnia Psychological: irritability, mood swings, depression, memory loss, difficulty concentrating |
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Hormone Replacement Therapy |
Timing is everything! 1. starting HRT early in menopause is safe and effective 2. using HRT for longer/ later in life has no benefit and may be harmful 3. HRT is effective in reducing risk of osteoporosis |
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Male hormonal changes with age |
Andropause refers to age-related declines of testosterone Lower testosterone levels more likely in men who are diabetic or obese Testosterone supplements are in increasing use, may be dangerous |
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Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) |
Brains of older adults become activated in opposite hemispheres when original hemisphere suffers deficits Plasticity Model. |
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Posterior-Anterior Shift with Aging (PASA) |
Brains of older adults become activated in opposite hemispheres compared to younger adults and are therefore less lateralized Plasticity Model. |
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Neural fallout model |
Hypothesis that individuals progressively lose brain tissue over the life span because neurons do not have the ability to replace themselves when they die |
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Plasticity Model |
Proposes that neurons that remain alive are able to take over the function of those that die |
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Central Nervous System age-related changes |
Brain tends to shrink as we get older, 2% per decade More atrophy in frontal love and hippocampus Variations between health status and gender |
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Why do we see older adults using alternate brain circuits then younger adults on the same task? |
Younger adults use frontal lobe more efficiently. As we get older, frontal lobe atrophy occurs so brain needs to compensate and work harder using other brain pathways |
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White matter hyperintensities |
Abnormalities in the frontal lobe thought to be made up of parts of deteriorating neurons Presence seems to interfere with long-term memory because they disrupt integrity of white matter |
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Changes in Sleep Patterns |
Regardless of age everyone needs the same amount of sleep Older adults seem to spend more time in bed relative to time asleep - takes longer to fall asleep, wake up often, troubles getting out of bed in morning Sleep is less efficient in older adults - shallower and fragmented |
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Presbyopia |
Stiffening and thickening of the lens due to cross-linking leads to the inability to accommodate |
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Presbycusis |
Changes in cochlea lead to inability to hear high-pitched tones Exposure to excess noise is most common cause |
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Tinnitus |
Symptom in which the individual perceives sounds in the head or ear when there is no external noise Can be temporarily associated with exposure to loud noise, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents Changes in bone of skull from trauma, or wax build up can contribute to tinnitus |
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What are the increased risks of falling caused by? |
Changes in vestibular system - dizziness or vertigo Mobility Problems - muscle weakness, joint stiffness, loss of BD |
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How can we reduce problems associated with balance? |
Correcting for other sensory deficits (i.e. glasses, hearing aid) Obtaining balance aids Changing daily activities Reducing fear of falling Developing greater sensitivity Balance training |
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Behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases in adulthood |
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