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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jung's view of libido
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much more generalized life energy source serving to motivate the individual in a number of different ways, including spiritually, intellectually, and creatively.
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Describe Jung's psyche
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the sum total of all the conscious and unconscious contents of the mind
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How did Jung view the unconscious?
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as a phylogenetic structure that has developed over the generations and contains certain elements shared by all individuals from all times that have been passed along from one generation to the next.
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Define positive psychology
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emphasizes the study and understanding of human virtues and strengths and the promotion of positive personal experiences
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How does Jung add to Freud's retrospective view of personality?
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he believed that personality is pushed from the past, but it is also pulled along by hope, goals, and future aims/aspirations.
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Describe Jung's motivational nature of personality
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to seek balance in the individual's personality
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Define the conscious ego
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the centre of conscious awareness of the self
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Name and describe the four major functions of the conscious ego/functions of personality?
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1. sensation function: relating to the world through the senses
2. thinking function: tendency to relate to the world through ideas/intellect 3. feeling function: reacting to world based on one's experiences with it 4. intuition function: (goes beyond the others) relies on a deeper, more internal sense of understanding |
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Name and describe the two attitudes of the conscious ego/two personality types?
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1. extroversion: outward orientation, invest in external environment
2. introversion: inward orientation, invest in internal and personal experiences |
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Define personal unconscious proposed by Jung
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the thoughts, memories, and experiences that were momentarily not being thought about of were being repressed because they were too emotionally threatening
once conscious, now repressed |
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Define complexes as Jung proposed
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a collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and memories that centre on a particular concept.
somewhat dysfunctional, too much focus on one thing |
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Describe the prospective function of the personal unconscious
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served to help the individual look into the future
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Describe the compensatory function of the personal unconscious
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helps to balance out at an unconscious level the conscious aspects of personality being ignored.
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Describe the collective unconscious
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the transpersonal domain/nature of the psyche. shared by all individuals, info is passed from one generation to the next (inherent knowledge)
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Evidence of the collective unconscious
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Archetypes: shadow, anima, animus, mandala/self
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What are the two common techniques Jung developed for psychotherapy?
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word association and the method of amplification
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Describe the word association test
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the individual is given a word and asked to report the first word that comes to mind. Jung looked at the word, length of time it took to say the word, and how the word was spoken.
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Describe the method of amplification
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the client reports what is going on in the dream but expands on the details as if actually a part of the dream
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Strengths of Jung
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1. many novel and rich ideas
2. expanded the view of personality 3. methodological impact on the study of personality (ex. word association text) 4. had a more optimistic view of human nature |
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Limitations of Jung
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1. difficulty of testing concepts
2. his original writings are hard to understand and have not been well received/accepted by the scientific community |
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Describe Jung's legacy
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Psychological Types
Analytic Psychology (his flexible approach to psychotherapy) Aging (worked with older patients which no one had done before) Spirituality (was very spiritual) |
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Adler's view of personality
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to look outward, emphasized individual's interpersonal actions with others at conscious level as critical factors
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Describe individual psychology
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Adler's view: emphasized a social concern for others, people are unique in the manner in which they help to promote the well-being of others and the betterment of society
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Describe Adler's motivational force of personality
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to maximize the benefit of the group over selfish personal interests
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Describe Adler's view of the Self
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the component of personality serving to give each person a sense of uniqueness. Helps to determine an individual's view of the world
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List and describe the three childhood impacts on later personality problems (Alderian view)
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1. Organ Inferiority: each person is born with some type of physical limitation
2. Parental Pampering: overprotection/overindulgence of or domination of the child 3. Parental Neglect: rejection and neglect that might be due to the presence of too many other children |
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Describe Inferiority Feelings as proposed by Adler
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involve the response to the real or imagined inferiorites individuals perceive themselves as possessing
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Describe Compensation as proposed by Adler
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the individual taking positive steps to deal with and overcome inferiority feelings
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Describe Overcompensation as proposed by Adler
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an excessive reaction to inferiority feelings
ex. trying to lose weight and developing anorexia |
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Describe Striving for Superiority
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the desire to go beyong simple compensation in an attempt to achieve a superior level of competence
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Describe a Superiority Complex
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an individual who seeks to abuse, exploit, and dominate others in an attempt to achieve superiority over them
ex. playground bully |
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Describe the four styles of parenting observed in Baumrind's Research (1991)
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1. Indulgent: responsive, lenient
2. Authoritarian: demanding but not warm or supportive 3. Authoritative: (best outcome) demanding but warm and supportive 4. Uninvolved: low in warmth and control, little support, few demands |
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Describe Social Interest
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the tendency for the individual to put needs of others over one's personal needs when striving for superiority
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Describe the Creative Self as proposed by Adler
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responsible for perceiving, analyzing, interpreting, and giving meaning to life's experiences
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List life's three major tasks as proposed by Adler
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1. Social
2. Occupational 3. Sexual |
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Describe the significant social relationships proposed by Adler
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1. Parent-Child Interactions
2. Sibling Relationships |
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Describe Adler's three "entrance gates" to mental life
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1. Birth order (impact on personality)
2. Dreams (aids in problem solving) 3. Early recollections (does your current situation influence your early recollections? or do your early recollections really act as a window to your personality?) |
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What is the goal of Adlerian psychotherapy?
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to help individuals correct their maladaptive style of life
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List the three steps of Adlerian psychotherapy
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1. Establishing a therapeutic relationship
2. Identifying and dealing with self-defeating strategies/tracing the development of a mistaken style of life 3. developing social interest (if you don't help others, you cannot help yourself) |
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What are some techniques of Adlerian psychotherapy?
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Identifying early recollections, investigating early childhood/family experiences, dream analysis, and family therapy.
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Strengths of Adler
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1. impact on contemporary psychogy
2. offered an optimistic view of human nature that stressed compassion for others 3. practicality; stressed looking to the family/school as basic foundations of successful development |
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Limitations of Adler
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1. theoretical simplicity (few concepts loosely related)
2. limited empirical research (more concerned with application, didn't do much empirical research) |
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Three major differences of Neo-Freudians from Freud
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1. less emphasis on sexual nature of libido
2. more emphasis on interpersonal relations 2. more emphasis on conscious thought |
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Describe Adler's theory of the two possible outcomes of being first born
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1. negative due to sharing parental attention with rival (high anxiety, inferiority, unconsciously hostile, critical, uncooperative)
2. more positive, imitating parents' attentions to the other children (good organizer, conservative in attitude, feelings of power or superiority, overprotective) |
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Describe Adler's theory of the possible outcome of being an only child
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rivals with the father, pampered by the mother, socially mature, feelings of superiority, inflated self concept, low in cooperation
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Describe Adler's theory of the possible outcome of being middle/second born
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"pacesetter older sibling resulting in rapid development", competitive, highly motivated and ambitious, feelings of inferiority develop if older sibling wings
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Describe Adler's theory of the possible outcome of being last born
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pampered (the baby), outstrips others and desires success, ambitious, driven to excel in everything. because broad accomplishment unlikely, if overly pampered, or overwhelmed by competition, may give up and become helpless, adjustment problems in adulthood
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Describe the research on first borns
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higher in achievement motivation and actual success
over-represented in eminent positions more likely to identify with parents, more type A possibly higher need for affiliation in stress |
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Describe the research on only children
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high locus of control, leadership, maturity, more cooperative than first or last borns, possibly higher self esteem than those with siblings
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Describe the research on later born children
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less self centred
more likely to turn to siblings in times of stress some evidence for better psychological adjustment in later born males rated as more extroverted, more trusting some support for lower self esteem than first and last borns in close in age |
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Describe the research on last born children
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more likely to rebel
higher popularity some support for adjustment problems - higher rates of alcoholism |
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Describe Horney's motivational nature of personality
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emphasized the individual's search for a sense of security in the world, each person develops a particular personality style for coping with the world
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Describe basic hostility
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the sense of anger and betrayal the child feels toward parents who are not helping to create a secure environment
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Describe basic anxiety
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feelings of insecurity, insignificance, powerlessness, inferiority, and hopelessness in a social environment that an individual feels is full of hostility, betrayal, and unfaithfulness
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Describe the Tyranny of Shoulds
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almost all of us have an area where we think an ideal self is unattainable. our ideal self and real self do not overlap
should do something, but can't |
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Describe the Neurotic Trends
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unrealistic beliefs/needs an individual develops in the desire to achieve security (10 trends)
created by intense feelings of basic anxiety |
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Describe Neuroticism
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individuals who tend to be highly anxious, irritable, pessimistic, uncertain, and generally negative in their thoughts/feelings
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Describe Morbid Dependency
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the neurotic tendency to seek and maintain affection through involvement in exploitative or manipulative relationships
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Describe Codependency
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the tendency of adults who were the children or spouses of alcoholics to find themselves in other dysfunctional relationships, which they make personal sacrifices in order to maintain.
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What are the three coping strategies or interaction styles proposed by Horney?
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1. movement towards: compliant, clingy, needy
2. movement against: aggressive, hostile, only forms relationships when they need something 3. movement away: needs privacy, withdraws from other |
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Describe Horney's Real Self
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what a person believes is true and unique about themself
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Describe Horney's Idealized Self
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the individual's perception of how they would like to be
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Describe Self-Analysis
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proposed by Horney... a process by which the person can gain a greater understanding and acceptance of the real self, while reducing the influence of the tyranny of should that prevents them from gaining a sense of security
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What are the three steps of self-analysis?
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1. achieving freedom of expression
2. learning from this freedom 3. using this freedom to improve interpersonal relationships |
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Strengths of Horney
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1. reinterpretation of the female personality
2. emphasis on the contribution of culture |
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Limitations of Horney
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lack of empirical evidence
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Describe the central concepts of Erikson
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1. ego identity/psychology (powerful part of psychology)
2. psychosocial development (instead of psychosexual) 3. a lifespan perspective (the ego continues to grow/develop throughout life) |
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Describe the nature/function of the ego as proposed by Erikson
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it serves as the core of the healthy personality and is responsible for creative thinking, artistic expression, logical reasoning, and joyful expression of emotions.
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Describe psychosocial crises/conflicts
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turning points in life, the psychological needs of the individual conflict with the expectations of society
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Describe basic virtues/ego strengths
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characteristic strengths that the ego can use to help in resolving subsequent crises
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Describe epigenesis
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the stages of development occur in a specific sequence and build upon each previous stage
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What are the eight epigenetic stages of psychosocial development as proposed by Erikson?
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1. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (hope)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (will) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (purpose) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (competency) 5. Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion (fidelity) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (love) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (care) 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (wisdom) |
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Describe play therapy
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children may be given drawing materials and draw pictures or take ordinary objects and arrange them in any way they want as a way of expressing their conscious and unconscious concerns
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Describe the psychobiography
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the study of an individual's life combining the methodology of differing theoretical viewpoints of personality psychology and historical analysis
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Strengths of Erikson
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1. a comprehensive viewpoint
2. extended the periods of personality development (life span) 3. popular ideas |
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Limitations of Erikson
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1. a rehash of Freud
2. using society as a measure of identity (encourages conformity rather than individuality) |
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Describe Terror Management (TMT)
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attempts to explain how and why individuals respond to psychological and physical threats the way they do. Individuals have an innate sense of anxiety about death and the unique human awareness of the certainty of death for all of us. To cope, individuals identify with the values and ideals of specific groups to create a sense of order and security
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Describe Rogers' phenomenological perspective of personality
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stresses that a person's feelings and behaviour are determined by how she/he perceives and interprets events.
person centred POV |
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Describe the subjective experience
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the unique way each person views the world and his/her experiences in it
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Describe Humanism
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a system of thought in which human interests and values are of primary importance
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Describe the actualizing tendency
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motivates a person to develop personal attributes and capabilities in a direction on increasing autonomy through self-awareness
need for growth |
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Describe self concept
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the totality of the thoughts and feelings that have reference to the self as object. personal behaviour: Private Self vs. Public Self
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Describe self-esteem
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the evaluation of oneself in a positive or less positive way, overall evaluation of self-worth
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What are the five aspects of a fully functioning person according to Rogers
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1. are open to experience
2. are characterized by existential living - live each moment as it comes 3. trust their own feelings, follow their own interests 4. are creative 5. experience feelings more deeply - live richer lives |
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Why aren't we all fully functioning?
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1. the regard of self and others
conditions of worth: self-acceptance based on the conditions of acceptance by others, circumstances where we receive positive regard 2. social self and conditional positive regard (doing what you think others want you to do) |
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Describe congruence
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capacity to perceive reality of situation, degree of accuracy between experience, communication and awareness. consistency between internal feelings and external perception
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Describe incongruence
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inconsistency between internal feelings and an individual's perception of self
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Describe subception
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reaction to an event before the event reaches total conscious awareness (defense mechanism)
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List the hierarchy of needs in order of lowest most potent needs, to the highest, least potent needs
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Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization
(Place Satisfaction before Love Esteem and Self-Actualization) |
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According to Maslow, what are the characteristics of self-actualized people?
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accurate perception of reality
greater acceptance of self and others nonhostile sense of humour true to selves others rather than self-centred autonomy in behaviour and values selective in relationships creative peak experiences |
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Describe the "Jonah Complex"
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Bible story... God asked Jonah to do something for him, Jonah refused and went out to sea, he was then swallowed by a whale. Jonah was afraid to live up to his potential, afraid of the responsibility
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Describe Transpersonal Psychology
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Humanism with a spiritual force (Maslow)
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Describe self-enhancement
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seeking out and interpreting situations to attain a positive view of oneself. an interest in enhancing one`s prestige and public image
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Describe self-protection
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avoiding opportunities that might results in public failure or embarrassment
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Strengths of Humanism
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1. emphasis on growth and the healthy personality
2. intuitively accesable... everyone can relate to it 3. therapy and applications |
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Limitations of Humanism
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1. the reliance on free will
2. poorly defined concepts and lack of precision 3. reliance on subjective experience and self report 4. universal application 5. naive assumptions about human nature and the emphasis on the positive |
