Psyc 231 Exam 4

Front 1

Actions intended to benefit others.

Back 1

Prosocial behaviours

Front 2

Kin selection.

Back 2

Preferential helping of genetic relatives, so that genes held in common will survive.

Front 3

In high-cost and low-cost situations, which relationships are you most likely to help?

Back 3

Low-cost= friends

High cost= siblings

Front 4

What's the reproductive advantage of helping someone who isn't realated to you?

Back 4

Reciprocal altruism.

Front 5

T/F: Groups with altruistic members are more likely to thrive and avoid extinction than groups wiht selfish members.

Back 5

True! It may be reasonable to believe that the tendency to help others and be altruistic is innate/biological.

Front 6

People are much more likely to help when ______ are relatively high compared to _______.

Back 6

Potential rewards, potential costs.

Front 7

The proposition that people react to emergency situations by acting in the most cost-effective way to reduce the arousal of shock and alarm.

Back 7

arousal: cost-reward model

Front 8

What is helping associated positively with?

Back 8

Feeling good!

Front 9

The proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness.

Back 9

Negative state relief model.

Front 10

What is another popular reason that we might want to help?

Back 10

Because "it's the right thing to do."

Front 11

What is meant by the term "courageous resistance"?

Back 11

Helping in the face of potentially enormous costs (such as hiding the Jews during the Holocaust).

Front 12

Motivated by the desire to improve another's welfare.

Back 12

Altruistic

Front 13

Motivated by the desire to improve one's own welfare.

Back 13

Egoistic

Front 14

What is empathy?

Back 14

Understanding or vicariously experiencing another individual's perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual.

Front 15

What is involved in empathic concern?

Back 15

Other-oriented feelings such as sympathy, compassion, and tenderness.

Front 16

Using the power of imagination to try to see the world through another's eyes.

Back 16

Perspective-taking.

Front 17

What is the opposite of empathic concern?

Back 17

Personal distress-- which involves self-oriented reactions to a person in need such as feeling alarmed, troubled, or upset.

Front 18

If you perceive someone in need and imagine how that person feels vs. if you perceive someone in need and focus on your own feelings or on how you would feel in that person's situation.

Back 18

Empathic concern vs. personal distress.

Front 19

When is true altruism possible?

Back 19

When your focus is on the other person.

Front 20

The proposition that empathic concern for a person in need produces an altruistic motive for helping.

Back 20

Empathy-altruism hypothesis.

Front 21

The effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping.

Back 21

The bystander effect.

Front 22

What are the steps involved in providing help according to Latane and Darley?

Back 22

EMERGENCY ---> #1: Notice that something is happening ---> #2 Interpret event as emergency ---> #3 Take responsibility for providing help ---> #4 Decide how to help. ---> #5 Provide help!

Front 23

The state in which people mistakenly believe that their own thoughts and feelings are different from those of others, even when everyone's behaviour is the same.

Back 23

Pluralistic ignorance.

Front 24

With pluralistic ignorance, everyone is actually ________ and _________ but concludes help is not required because they are taking cues from each other's inaction.

Back 24

Confused and hesitant.

Front 25

The belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need.

Back 25

Diffusion of responsibility.

Front 26

Reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers.

Back 26

Audience inhibition.

Front 27

Can the bystander effect happen in an online chat room?

Back 27

Yes! "Ripper" example from text where he overdosed on drugs.

Front 28

What can you do if you need help and there are lots of people around to increase your chances of being helped?

Back 28

Ask people directly, making eye contact, etc.

Front 29

What can strongly affect a person's willingness to help?

Back 29

Time pressure.

Front 30

Do people help more often in big cities or small towns? Why might that be?

Back 30

Small towns-- stimulus overload

Front 31

The effect whereby a good mood increases helping behaviour.

Back 31

Good mood effect.

Front 32

T/F: People are muc less likely to help someone when they're in a bad mood.

Back 32

False.

Front 33

When would feeling good not lead to doing good?

Back 33

1) When costs of helping are high. (threat of reducing good mood)

2))Positive thoughts about other social activities that conflict with helping.

Front 34

When would negative moods not lead to doing good?

Back 34

1)Blaming others for bad mood

2)Becoming very self-focused

3)When we are made to think about our personal values that do not promote helping (I need to wise up and start putting my needs first).

Front 35

Can TV have positive effects of prosocial behaviour?

Back 35

Studies have shown it has had positive effects on children.

Front 36

General rules of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval.

Back 36

Social norms

Front 37

A moral standard that emphasizes that people should help those who need assistance.

Back 37

Norm of social responsibility.

Front 38

Why do role models inspire us to help? 3 reasons.

Back 38

1)They provide an example of behaviour for us to imitate directly.

2) When they are rewarded for their helpful behaviour, they teach us that helping is valued and rewarding.

3) The behaviour of these models makes us think about and become more aware of the standards of conduct in our society.

Front 39

What two qualities are associated with helping?

Back 39

Empathy and advanced moral reasoning.

Front 40

What two factors contribute to whether someone gets helped?

Back 40

How attractive that person is, and how responsible they are for being in the position of needing help.

Front 41

Who are we more likely to help?

Back 41

Those that are similar to us. (Guy with team tshirt on who fell down example)

Front 42

Talk about how gender affects helping.

Back 42

Men may be more willing to help in dangerous situations, while women may be more willing to help in other less threatening situations. Gender differences in other types of helping are not fully known. Women are more likely than men to ask for help as men see it as potentially damaging to their self-esteem.

Front 43

The theory that reactions to receiving assistance depend on whether help is perceived as supportive or threatening.

Back 43

threat-to-self-esteem model

Front 44

What's the difference between receiving help that is interpreted as self-supportive vs. self-threatening?

Back 44

Self-supportive - recipient feels appreciated and cared for

Self-threatening - recipient feels inferior and overly dependent

Front 45

What role does culture play in viewing people who need help?

Back 45

Individualistic cultures factor in how responsible the person is for their position of needing help. Collectivistic cultures care more about how much that person contributes to society.

Front 46

Behaviour intended to harm another individual.

Back 46

Aggression

Front 47

Inflicting harm in order to obtain something of value.

Back 47

Instrumental aggression

Front 48

Inflicting harm for its own sake.

Back 48

Emotional aggression

Front 49

How much aggression is there in individualistic vs. collectivistic countries?

Back 49

There are higher rates of aggression in individualistic countries.

Front 50

What may promote non-violent societies?

Back 50

Cooperation and lack of competition.

Front 51

What age group has a greater involvement in violent crime?

Back 51

Teenagers and young adults.

Front 52

What is a culture of honour?

Back 52

Encourages violent responses to perceived threats against one's status. (Men with a culture of violence are seen as honourable, powerful men.)

Front 53

Gender-wise, who is more likely to be overtly aggressive?

Back 53

Men.

Front 54

Does this men that men in general are more aggressive than women?

Back 54

Not necessarily. Women can be more aggressive indirectly and relationally.

Front 55

Is it true that aggression in adulthood is linked with aggression in childhood?

Back 55

Yes.

Front 56

What does evolutionary psychology have to say about aggression?

Back 56

Warfare was done to obtain valuable resources, attract mates, and forge intragroup bonds. Warriors were more likely able to find a mate, which encouraged aggressive traits in offspring.

Front 57

Is there a link between genetics and aggression?

Back 57

Not a strong link. But people who have a predisposition to be aggressive can more likely become aggressive in bad environments.

Front 58

What 2 biological factors are associated with aggression and how?

Back 58

Testosterone -- high levels linked with aggression

Serotonin -- low levels linked with aggression

Front 59

How is aggression learned?

Back 59

Through positive reinforcement when aggression produces desired outcomes, and through negative reinforcement when aggression prevents or stops undesirable outcomes.

Front 60

What is more corporal punishment associated with?

Back 60

More aggression.

Front 61

The proposition that behaviour is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments.

Back 61

Social learning theory

Front 62

How does a culture of honour affect men?

Back 62

They are seriously concerned with protecting their masculinity and honour, so much so that they could take any minor acts as entirely threatening and get physically upset.

Suicide rates are also higher in places with a strong culture of honour, which leads us to think that if a man feels they failed at protecting their honour their feelings get so down that they want to end their lives.

Front 63

A group of boys enjoy playing sports together. When they play hockey, they tend to always get into some kind of physical fight with another player, but when they play football, their play time goes on with hardly any scrapping. What psychological term explains these situations?

Back 63

Social learning theory.

Front 64

The idea that frustration always elicits the motive to aggress, and that all aggression is caused by frustration.

Back 64

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Front 65

Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access.

Back 65

Displacement

Front 66

A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression.

Back 66

catharsis

Front 67

T/F: Catharsis is effective in reducing subsequent aggression.

Back 67

False! Catharsis can actually prolong the feelings of hostility and anger.

Front 68

So what is true about the frustration-aggression theory?

Back 68

That frustration doesn't always cause aggression, and that frustration can lead to negative feelings with may be the actual cause of aggression.

Front 69

Does heat contribute to aggression?

Back 69

Yes. Heat is correlated with higher rates of rape, murder, and assault.

Front 70

What is negative affect and how does it contribute to aggression?

Back 70

Noise, crowding, physical pain, threatened self-esteem, social rejection, violent song lyrics, bad odours, and having our home team lose a professional football playoff game are all examples of negative affect, increasing the likelihood of aggressive acts.

Front 71

If negative affect encourages aggression, can positive affect inhibit aggression?

Back 71

Yes. Feeling good appears to be incompatible with anger and aggression.

Front 72

How is excitation transfer related to aggression?

Back 72

People may interpret events as negative/the source of their arousal, if they are "aroused" in such a way such as being very hot.

Front 73

The tendency of weapons to increase the likelihood of aggression by their mere presence.

Back 73

Weapons effect

Front 74

Information about a person's situation indicating that he or she should not be held fully responsible for aggressive actions.

Back 74

Mitigating information

Front 75

The tendency to perceive hostile intent in others.

Back 75

hostile attribution bias

Front 76

What are situational influences that affect aggression and how do these lead to acts of aggression? (A model)

Back 76

Input variables:

-Aversive experiences (frustration, provocation, heat)

-Situational cues (guns, TV violence)

-Individual differences (hostility, empathy, attitudes)

Lead to 3 things: Affect, Arousal, and Cognitions

Which then are processed in Higher-Order Thinking (interpretations of situation, other's motives, and own affect) which may produce aggression.

Front 77

What can interfere with our higher-order processing?

Back 77

High arousal, and alcohol.

Front 78

T/F: Exposure to violent TV as children is correlated with adult aggression.

Back 78

True!

Front 79

Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus.

Back 79

Desentization

Front 80

The process by which the mass media (particularly television) construct a version of social reality for the public.

Back 80

Cultivation.

Front 81

How intense is exposure to violent media? (What are the effects?)

Back 81

Even just 20 minutes of watching a violent video, or playing a violent video game decreased the chances of that same person helping an injured person later on by 450%!! They also saw the incident that caused the injury as less serious.

Front 82

Can positive media have prosocial effects?

Back 82

Research has shown that it just might! Socially positive messages encourage people to be more helpful.

Front 83

Explicit sexual material.

Back 83

Pornography.

Front 84

Does the exposure to pornography influence people to act violently?

Back 84

Not necessarily. Looking at non-violent pornography such as a tasteful nude actually elicits positive responses and doesn't shoot arousal up to high levels.

Front 85

In the absence of provocation, does exposure to violent pornography increase aggression?

Back 85

YES! Violent pornography is very influential.

Front 86

How does alcohol influence sexual aggession?

Back 86

Alcohol may interfere with interpersonal contact, making it difficult to pick up on more subtle cues. Inhibitions are lowered, making people feel more confidently to act in ways they normally wouldn't.

Front 87

Are women just as agressive towards their intimate partners as men?

Back 87

Yes, sometimes they are even more aggressive. However, their "blows" are not as fatal. So more women get seriously injured, sexually assaulted, or die from aggression from husband.

Front 88

The transmission of domestic violence across generations.

Back 88

Cycle of family violence.

Front 89

What is multisystemic therapy?

Back 89

It is an approach to deal with delinquents that addresses the individual's problems at several different levels, including the needs of the adolescents and the many contexts in which they are embedded, such as family, peer group, school, and neighbourhood.

Front 90

What two factors are critically important for reducing aggression?

Back 90

Social support and communication.

Front 91

What two approaches does the Reid Technique encourage?

Back 91

-Pressuring the suspect into submission by expressing certainty about his/her guilt and maybe even lying about evidence that they have.

-Befriend the suspect, offer sympathy and friendly advice, "minimize" offense by offering face-saving excuses or blaming the victim.

Front 92

What is internalization?

Back 92

It's a social influence that is demonstrated when a suspect has been bullied over and over into believing that they committed the crime, to the point that they actually start believing that it could've been true.

Front 93

What two factors make it more likely for a suspect to admit to a crime they didn't commit?

Back 93

1) a suspect who lacks a clear memory of the event in question (vunerable to suggestion)

2)the presentation of false evidence

Front 94

How does perspective in video affect a jury's decisions?

Back 94

When the focus on the video is on the suspect, juries are more likely to judge the confession as less coerced than when the focus is on the interrogator.

Front 95

A mechanical instrument that records physiological arousal from multiple channels; it is often used as a lie-detector test.

Back 95

Polygraph

Front 96

What are the problems with the lie detector test?

Back 96

Innocent people too often fail the test, and it's possible to cheat the test if you know how the system works by pinching your toes to tensing your muscles during the control questions to confuse the data.