Psyc 102 Midterm 2

Front 1

emotions

Back 1

-immediate responses of organism to environmental events/internal thoughts

-involves physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience

-influences behaviour

-can be negative or positive

Front 2

feelings

Back 2

-subjective experience of emotion

-specific interpretation

-ex. emotion = love, feeling = security, happiness, etc.

-experiences associated with emotion

Front 3

mood

Back 3

-longer term

-diffuse into every aspect/experienced in every moment

-does not interrupt/influence behaviour (but can get interrupted: bad mood + good news = good mood)

-emotional states that can last hours, days, weeks

Front 4

Causal sequence problem

Back 4

stimulus - emotion - physiological arousal

Front 5

James-Lange Theory

Back 5

stimulus - arousal - emotion

ex. see car coming towards you = racing heart = noticing racing heart = fear

Front 6

facial feedback hypothesis

Back 6

*apart of James-Lange theory*

- facial expression causes emotion

ex. if you are sad, and force yourself to smile, you will eventually feel happy

Front 7

Strack, Martin, Stepper

Back 7

held experiment in which participants held pen either with lips (caused frown), with hand (control), or with teeth (causes smile). Participants were later assessed on subjective opinion on how funny a comic was. Those who held the pen w their teeth had highest ratings of amusement

Front 8

criticisms of james-lange theory

Back 8

most emotions have similar physiological affects. Ex. your HR, skin conductance, and palm heat all increases when you are sad or happy

Front 9

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 9

-arousal and emotions occur simultaneously

-independent of one another

-stimulus = emotion + arousal

Front 10

Two-factor Theory

Back 10

-Schacter and Singer

-emotions derive from arousal and cognitive appraisal

- stimulus = arousal = cognitive explanation = emotional state

- what a person believes caused the emotion will determine how they label it

- ex. oncoming car = heart races = due to car or due to hearing bad news?

Front 11

cognitive appraisal

Back 11

how an individual interprets a situation/stimulus

-ex. serial killer sees murder as fun, but normal person sees it as immoral act

Front 12

Schacter and Singer 1962

Back 12

participants split into 4 groups: one injected with epinephrine and one injected with placebo (not told). Both types of groups went into room with angry person and with happy person. Those injected with epinephrine in room with angry person experienced lessened feelings of anger, because they only believed that it came from the epinephrine, while those who did not know what they had taken had higher levels of anger because of the angry person. Same thing with happy room

Front 13

misattribution of arousal

Back 13

-process in which individuals make a mistake in assuming what is causing them to feel aroused

-Dutton and Aron: after walking along the suspension bridge to see the attractive female, the males believed they were experiencing arousal due to seeing the attractive females as opposed to the leftover physiological arousal from the swinging bridge

Front 14

amygdala

Back 14

-processes emotional significance of stimuli

-generates emotional and behavioural responses

Front 15

insula

Back 15

-receives and processes somatosensory signals from entire body

Front 16

quick and slow response

Back 16

eyes receive stimulus (snake), send to thalamus, to visual cortex, to amygala, then finally interpretation: "this is a snake, get away!", then arousal is stimulated (pounding heart)

Front 17

Zajonc; Ledoux

Back 17

Zajonc: emotional reactions occur before appraisal of situation - instant; before cognitive appraisal

Ledoux: emotions take the "low road" - bypasses cortex (sees stimulus - thalamus - amygdala - response)

enables quick emotional response before intellect intervenes (due to bypassing cortex)

unaware of what has occurred

Front 18

happiness

Back 18

happy people are healthier, more confident, socially connected, more creative

happiness is adaptive - those who are happy are prosocial which keeps us to perform beneficial behaviours

Front 19

behaviour of happy people

Back 19

based on Isen and Levin 1972a:

happier people were more likely to pick books up for stranger who dropped them

based on Isen and Levin 1972b:

given coin for telephone call, or did not receive coin for telephone call; those who received coin more likely to help person who dropped papers

based on Isen and Levin 1972c:

participants given gift - told to make a call after x amount of minutes since given gift - the shorter or longer u wait to make phone call decreases the likeliness to help

Front 20

Feel-good-do-good phenomenon

Back 20

tendency to be helpful when in a good mood - happiness focuses attention outward

Front 21

what do the results of Isen and Levin's 1972c study suggest?

Back 21

that emotions are short lives; ex. after 4 minutes, helping behaviour declines

Front 22

main view with anger?

Back 22

catharsis theory - emotional release (venting anger) will produce improvement in psyche state (ex. via aggressive action or fantasy)

Front 23

criticism with catharsis theory

Back 23

aggressive actions only work if they direct the counter attack towards the provoker, if the retaliation seems justifiable, and if their target is not intimidating

- only temporary calming if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious

-breeds more anger; provokes further retaliation

Front 24

causes of rumination

Back 24

repressed negative emotions causes:

-build up in individual

-psychological symptoms (hysteria)

Front 25

hydraulic model of anger

Back 25

Lee 1993: taking out anger on something other than the source of anger. venting rage physically and verbally so as to stop holding in the anger

Front 26

busman 2002

Back 26

-participants wrote an essay (pro choice/life) then swapped essays

-anger about opposite views

-those hit a punching bag had lower levels of anger

-those who ruminated had higher levels of anger

Front 27

Hornberger 1959

Back 27

all participants received insult from friend

-half hammered nails for 10 mins

-half didn't

-those who hammered were more hostile towards friend

Front 28

criticism with catharsis theory pt.2

Back 28

not good due to: anger-feedback mechanism (neoassociation theory - rumination keeps aggressive thoughts and angry feelings active in memory

Front 29

positives of anger

Back 29

adaptive - can be used to communicate strength and competence; enables us to express a grievance to promote reconciliation - controlled expressions of anger = talking things out and keeping things civil; acting assertively; resolves conflicts

Front 30

competitive victimhood

Back 30

-decrease competitive victimhood = more forgiveness

-increase = increase guilt

Front 31

guilt

Back 31

adaptive - encourages care, discouragement of wrong actions, strengthens social bonds

Front 32

embarrassment

Back 32

-violation of cultural norm

-lose physical poise

-teased

-experience threat to self image

results in adaptive behaviour:

affiliation w social group

more sympathy, more laughter, more forgiveness

Front 33

evolved function of fear

Back 33

increased ability to detect threat in environment

(emotion experienced with self alone)

Front 34

evolved function of disgust

Back 34

determines which substances are potentially toxic

(emotion experienced with self alone)

Front 35

evolved function of happiness

Back 35

motivates continuation of beneficial activities (emotion experienced with self alone)

Front 36

evolved function of anger

Back 36

motivates oneself to correct perceived slight

(emotion experienced with self alone)

Front 37

evolved function of pride

Back 37

communicate expertise and status to others (emotion experienced comparing self to others)

Front 38

evolved function of embarrassment

Back 38

appease others and communicate acceptance of fault (emotion experienced comparing self to others)

Front 39

evolved function of guilt

Back 39

motivate cooperation with others (emotion experienced comparing self to others)