Psy 341 Exam

Front 1

what are the four types of parenting styles? which type is the best

Back 1

authoritative (reciprocal, responsive), authoritarian (controlling, assertive), permissive (indulgent, low control), and neglecting (uninvolved)

authoritative is best

Front 2

Shweder and colleagues found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room as their children. why

Back 2

americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping place. also, protection of chastity

Front 3

the term noun bias refers to? is this universal?

Back 3

the first words children tend to learns are nouns rather than action words. not a universal, in other countries children learn verbs first

Front 4

at what age to babies lose the ability to recognize a majority of different sounds not being used in their own language?

Back 4

10-12 months

Front 5

why does learning a language become difficult as we age

Back 5

the plasticity of our brain declines

Front 6

what traits make up the big five? what behaviors are a part of these traits?

Back 6

openness-adventerous

conscientiousness-organized, thoughtful

extraversion-sociable, outgoing

agreeableness-friendly, trustworthy

neuroticism-unstable, anxious

Front 7

what are mcadams 3 levels of personality?

Back 7

identity-life story

personal concerns-goals, characteristics

dispositions-traits

Front 8

entity of self

Back 8

stable/unchangeable personality, subject to outside influence (if they lose chess they will stop playing since they "cant" get better)

Front 9

why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among east asians than among westerners?

Back 9

in the west self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in east asia

Front 10

what self-enhancement strategy is not very helpful/painful?

Back 10

upward social comparison

Front 11

people from eastern cultures are more likely to be ---- motivated to continue with a task they did well at compared with western cultures who would be ---- motivated

Back 11

less, more

(asia is more motivated by failure)

Front 12

primary control vs secondary control

Back 12

incremental, they can change world/circumstances

entity, accepting current circumstances

Front 13

20 red cars, 12 black cars. what will east asians pick?

Back 13

red, they go with the majority

Front 14

Iyengar and colleagues work on choice across cultures finds that asians prefer a task that an ---- person chooses rather than a ----- person

Back 14

ingroup, outgroup

Front 15

dispositional attribution vs situational attribution

Back 15

personal characteristics ie adj, personality, used by americans

contextual surroundings, ie outside influence, used by asians

Front 16

analytic vs holistic

Back 16

categorization based on strict rules, focus on objects/attributes/parts, abstract thought, used by americans

categorization based on relationships, focus on whole concept, free thought, used by asians

Front 17

what are the 2 primary reasons for co-sleeping with children?

Back 17

not enough room, comfort

Front 18

what were the beliefs of the protestant reformation? why did this cause motivation?

Back 18

•Individualized relation with God, Each person has a “calling,” a unique God-given purpose to fulfill), A belief in “predestination” (before one was born, it was already determined whether one was going to heaven or hell), It was part of moral duty to workand only the “elect” were believed to be rewarded. As people worked hard, theywere often rewarded making them believe they were part of the elite group.

Front 19

creativity, individualistic vs collectivistic

Back 19

tend to focus on novelty, "game changers"

focus on usefulness/appropiateness, improve upon exisisting products

Front 20

what kind of process is talking?

Back 20

analytic, we can only specify one idea at a time arranged in a sequence, hinders holistic thinkers where all info is relevant

Front 21

naive dialecticism

Back 21

relative acceptance for contradictions, everything is connected

Front 22

aristotle's principles

Back 22

law of identity, a=a

law of excluded middle, a=b or a=not b

law of contradiction, a cannot=not a (a is always only a)

Front 23

fundamental attribution error

Back 23

higher likliness to explain behavior based on dispositional attributes

Front 24

critical period

Back 24

–Aperiod of time in an individual’s development that allows for the relativelyeasy acquisition of a set of skills.

Front 25

origins of gender equality

Back 25

bosterup (1970), cultural differences in gender may result from a type of agricultural method (use of ploughs)

Front 26

cognitive dissonance

Back 26

our strong motivations to be consistent lead us to feel distress/dissonance when we recognize inconsistencies between our attitudes/beliefs and our behaviors

Front 27

prevention vs promotion

Back 27

merely meeting goals, staying safe (us)

seeking advancement (asia)

Front 28

luria

Back 28

memory, language, cognition

Front 29

feral children

Back 29

genie, no human contact

oksana, raised by dogs

victor