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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Learning & Memory |
Learning: the process by which changes in behaviour arise as theresult of experience interacting with the world Memory: the record of our past experiences, which are acquiredthrough learning |
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Define Nativist & Empiricist Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke |
Nativist: humans are shaped primarily by their inherited nature (Plato, Descartes) Empiricist: humans are shaped primarily by their experience(nurture) (Aristotle, Locke) |
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Aristotle's rules of association |
Contiguity – experiences near each other in time/space are joined together Frequency – experiences often repeated areconnected more strongly Similarity – experiences similar to one another areconnected |
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William James' theory of association |
James proposed that experience links ideas in the mind Remembering one idea would spread along links, retrieving a complex episode James proposed that these links would be physically formed in the brain, providing an earlyconnection between psychology and neuroscience |
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How did Ebbinghaus study memory? |
Empirical: actually collected data Experimental: manipulated an independentvariable to observe the outcome on a dependent variable Quantitative: expressed observations numerically (Studied lists of nonsense words to test if memory improved after several attempts) |
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How did Pavlov study learning? |
Experiment with dogs used classical conditioning to experimentally study the laws of association |
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How did Thorndike study learning? |
Placed cats in a puzzle box to show that behaviours producing positive outcomes are repeated, negative outcomes not |
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Principles of Behaviourism |
Focus on Behaviour: Behaviour is observable, objective, and quantifiable;mental processes such as dreams, feelings, and the subconscious are notdirectly observable and therefore can’t be studied scientifically Empiricism: Behaviour is shaped by experience and can be controlled byregulating experience Evolutionary Perspective: Humans are basically the same as any otheranimal; what works for a rat will work for a human Quantitative: Like physicists, try to identify basic mathematical laws thatwill generalize to many behaviours Law of Effect: Our behaviour is not shaped by the subconscious but by pastexperience; we seek to repeat rewards and avoid punishments |
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How did Tolman study learning? |
He found that rats trained on a maze can find novel ways to the goal when an obstacle is added Showed that behaviourist approach of stimulus => response misses an important step |
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Principles of Cognitive Approach |
Focus on Mental Processing: Mental processes cannot be directlyobserved, but can be studied objectively Computer Metaphor: Likens the mind to a computer and sets the task ofreverse engineering the hardware and software that run the mind Nuanced Evolutionary Perspective: Humans are related to otheranimals, but are not just big lab rats; we have a distinct adaptive niche withspecializations in communication, reasoning, and planning Modelling/Simulation: The goal is not a simple law for behaviour, but amodel of the processing performed by the brain; this will enable us to not onlyunderstand human behaviour, but also to build computer systems that emulatehuman abilities Intrinsic Motivation: Although the Law of Effect is important, humans arealso intrinsically curious and self-motivated to learn (but is this a straw manargument?) |
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How did Miller study mental processes? |
Tested a digit span - showing that memory system has a capacity of around 7 items Cognitive approach - objective measurement, treats the mind as a computer |
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Glutamate GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) Acetylcholine Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Histamine Glycine |
Glutamate - most prevalent exictatory NT GABA - Main inhibitory NT Acetylcholine - Connects motor neurons and muscles, regulates attention and memory Dopamine - Associated with voluntary movement, regulates reward-seeking behaviour Norepinephrine - Increases arousal, contributes to long-lasting memories Epinephrine - Increases attention and concentration Serotonin - Regulates sleep, mood, appetite, aggression Histamine - Regulates sleep and arousal Glycine - Decreases neural activity |
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MRI DTI EEG fMRI PET |
a |
