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109 Cards in this Set
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Psychoanalytic therapy philosophy
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Human beings are DETERMINED by psychic ENERGY & early EXPERIENCES.
UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES & CONFLICTS are CENTRAL in present BEHAVIOR. EARLY DEVELOPMENT: CRITICAL importance b/c: later personality PROBLEMS ROOTED in REPRESSED CHILDHOOD conflicts. |
it all started in my childhood
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Adlerian therapy philosophy
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Humans motivated by social interest, by striving toward goals, by inferiority & superiority, & by dealing with the tasks of life.
Emphasis on the individual’s positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have capacity to interpret, influence, & create events. Each person at an early age creates unique style of life, tends to remain constant throughout life. |
easy going
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Existential therapy philosophy
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focus on nature of human condition
includes capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one’s fate, responsibility, anxiety, search for meaning, being alone & being in relation with others, striving for authenticity, & facing living & dying. |
life, death, etc.
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Person-centered therapy philosophy
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Positive view of people; inclination toward becoming fully functioning.
In therapeutic relationship context, client experiences feelings previously denied awareness. client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, & inner-directedness. |
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Gestalt therapy philosophy
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person strives for wholeness & integration of thinking, feeling, & behaving.
key concepts: contact with self & others, contact boundaries, & awareness. Nondeterministic: person viewed having capacity to recognize how earlier influences relate to present difficulties. Experiential approach grounded in the here & now, emphasizes awareness, personal choice, & responsibility. |
be here, now.
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Behavior therapy philosophy
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Behavior product of learning.
We are both product & producer of environment. Traditional behavior therapy based on classical & operant principles. Contemporary behavior therapy branched out many directions. |
tree
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Cognitive behavior therapy philosophy
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Individuals often incorporate faulty thinking, leads to emotional & behavioral disturbances.
Cognitions are major determinants how we feel & act. Therapy oriented toward cognition & behavior, stresses role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, & re-deciding. Psycho-educational model, therapy is learning process, acquiring & practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, & acquiring better ways to address problems. |
Ed
Cog root act feel think, decide, Q, Do PED, TILP, PNS, NWOT, BW2AP |
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Reality therapy philosophy
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CHOICE theory based, we need quality relationships 2B happy.
Psych problems result of resisting control by others or our attempt to control others. Human nature explanation & how best achieve satisfying relationships. |
choice, happiness, control, relationships
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Feminist therapy philosophy
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criticize traditional theories to degree based on gender-biased concepts, e.g. being androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, & intrapsychic.
constructs include being gender fair, flexible, interactionist, & life-span-oriented. Central: gender & power. Systems Approach recognizes cultural, social, & political factors contribute to individual’s problems. |
criticize oppressive theories; fairness constructs; *genger & power*, sys app; ur probs incl. soc, cult, poli.
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Postmodern appRoaches philosophy
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Based on premise of multiple realities, truths; reject idea reality is external & can be grasped.
People create meaning through conversations. postmodern approaches avoid pathologizing clients, dim view of diagnosis, avoid searching underlying problems causes, & place high value discovering clients’ strengths & resources. Rather than talking problems, therapy focus on creating solutions present & future. |
oi.
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Family systems therapy philosophy
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family viewed from interactive & systemic perspective.
Clients connected to living system; change in part of system results change other parts. family provides context understanding how individuals function in relationship others & how behave. Treatment deals with the family unit. individual’s dysfunctional behavior grows from interactional unit of family & from larger systems. |
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Psychoanalytic T Concepts
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Normal personality development based on successful resolution & psychosexual development stages integration. Faulty personality development specific stage results inadequate resolution. Anxiety basic conflicts repression result. Current behavior centrally related 2 unconscious processes
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hgh
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Adlerian T concepts
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personality unity, need to view people from their subjective perspective, & life goals importance give behavior direction. People motivated by social interest & by finding goals 2 give life meaning. striving for significance & superiority, developing unique lifestyle, & understanding family constellation. T a matter of providing encouragement & assisting clients changing cognitive perspective & behavior
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Existential T concepts
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experiential counseling approach rather than firm theoretical model, stresses core human conditions. Interest on present & on what one is becoming. future orientation approach & stresses self-awareness before action
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Person-centered T concepts
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client has potential to become aware of problems & means to resolve. Faith placed in client’s self-direction capacity. Mental health = congruence: ideal self & real self. Maladjustment: discrepancy result between what one wants to be & what one is. attention is given to the present moment & on experiencing & expressing feelings
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Gestalt T concepts
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Emphasis on “what” & “how” of experiencing here & now help clients accept all aspects of themselves. holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business & avoidance, contact, & energy
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Behavior T concepts
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Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, & objective evaluation of T outcomes. Present behavior is given attention. T is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement & imitation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning
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Cognitive behavior T concepts
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psychological problems possibly rooted in childhood are reinforced by present ways of thinking. person’s belief system is primary disorders cause. Internal dialogue central role in one’s behavior. Clients focus examining faulty assumptions & misconceptions & replacing with effective beliefs.
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Reality T concepts
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focus on what clients are doing & how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions work for them. People mainly motivated to satisfy needs, especially need for significant relationships. rejects medical model, transference notion, unconscious, & past dwelling
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here and now?
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Feminist T concepts
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Core principles: personal is political, therapists have commitment to social change, women’s voices & ways of knowing are valued & women’s experiences are honored, counseling relationship is egalitarian, T focuses on strengths & reformulated definition of psychological distress, & all oppression types are recognized
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Postmodern appRoaches concepts
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T brief & addresses present & future. person not the problem; problem is the problem. emphasis on externalizing the problem & looking for exceptions to the problem. T consists of collaborative dialogue. therapist & the client co-create solutions. By identifying instances when problem did not exist, clients create new meanings for themselves & fashion new life story
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brief and to the point
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Family systems T concepts
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Focus on communication patterns within family, verbal & nonverbal. relationships Problems likely passed from generation to generation. Concepts vary depending on orientation; include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family-of-origin dynamics, functional versus dysfunctional interaction patterns, & dealing with here-&-now interactions. present more important than exploring past experiences.
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Psychoanalytic T Goals
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make unconscious conscious. reconstruct basic personality. assist clients in reliving earlier experiences & working through repressed conflicts. achieve intellectual & emotional awareness.
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make conscious, recon bas per, ast cli reliv exp, wk thr rep con; ach emo int awa
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Adlerian T Goals
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challenge clients’ basic premises & life goals. offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals & increase social interest. develop client’s sense of belonging.
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challenge premises goals, ofr encrgmnt ind dev soc glz incr
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Existential T Goals
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help people see they are free & become aware of possibilities. challenge them recognize they are responsible for events they formerly thought were happening 2 them. identify factors block freedom.
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Person-centered T Goals
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provide safe climate conducive clients’ self-exploration, so they can recognize blocks growth & can experience aspects of self were formerly denied or distorted. enable them move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness be process, & increased spontaneity & aliveness. find meaning in life & experience life fully. become more self-directed.
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Gestalt T Goals
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assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing & expand capacity make choices. foster integration of self
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Behavior T Goals
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eliminate maladaptive behaviors & learn more effective behaviors. identify factors influence behavior & find out what can be done about problematic behavior. encourage clients take an active & collaborative role in clearly setting treatment goals & evaluating how well these goals are being met
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Cognitive behavior T Goals
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teach clients confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence they gather & evaluate. help clients seek out their faulty beliefs & minimize them. become aware of automatic thoughts & change them
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Reality T Goals
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help people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs. enable clients get reconnected with people they have chosen put in their quality worlds & teach clients choice theory
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Feminist T Goals
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bring about transformation both in individual client & in society. assist clients in recognizing, claiming, & using their personal power free themselves from limitations of gender-role socialization. confront all forms of institutional policies discriminate or oppress on any basis
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Postmodern approaches Goals
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change way clients view problems & what they can do about these concerns. collaboratively establish specific, clear, concrete, realistic, & observable goals leading increased positive change. help clients create self-identity grounded on competence & resourcefulness so they can resolve present & future concerns. assist clients in viewing their lives in positive ways, rather than being problem saturated
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Family systems T Goals
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help family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships are not working well & create new ways of interacting
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Psychoanalytic T Therapeutic Relationship
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classical analyst remains anonymous, & clients develop projections toward him/her Focus: on reducing resistances develop in working w/ transference & on establishing more rational control Clients undergo long-term analysis, engage in free association 2 uncover conflicts, & gain insight by talking analyst makes interpretations 2 teach clients meaning of current behavior as it relates 2 past In contemporary relational psychoanalytic T, relationship: central & emphasis: given 2 here-and-now dimensions of this relationship
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Adlerian T Therapeutic Relationship
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emphasis: on joint responsibility, on mutually determining goals, on mutual trust & respect, & on equality Focus: on identifying, exploring, & disclosing mistaken goals & faulty assumptions within person’s lifestyle
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Existential T Therapeutic Relationship
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therapist’s main tasks r 2 accurately grasp clients’ being in world & 2 establish personal & authentic encounter w/ them immediacy of client-therapist relationship & authenticity of here-and-now encounter r stressed Both client & therapist can be changed by encounter
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Person-centered T Therapeutic Relationship
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relationship: of primary importance qualities of therapist, including genuineness, warmth, accurate empathy, respect, & nonjudgmentalness—and communication of these attitudes 2 clients—are stressed Clients use this genuine relationship w/ therapist 2 help them transfer what they learn 2 other relationships
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Gestalt T Therapeutic Relationship
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Central importance: given 2 I/Thou relationship & quality of therapist’s presence therapist’s attitudes & behavior count more than techniques used therapist does not interpret for clients but assists them in developing means 2 make their own interpretations Clients identify & work on unfinished business from past interferes w/ current functioning
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Behavior T Therapeutic Relationship
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therapist: active & directive & functions as teacher/mentor in helping clients learn more effective behavior Clients must be active in process & experiment w/ new behaviors Although quality client-therapist relationship: not viewed as sufficient 2 bring about change, it: considered essential for implementing behavioral procedures
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Cognitive behavior T Therapeutic Relationship
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In REBT therapist functions as teacher & client as student therapist: highly directive & teaches clients an A-B-C model of changing their cognitions In CT focus: on collaborative relationship Using Socratic dialogue, therapist assists clients in identifying dysfunctional beliefs & discovering alternative rules for living therapist promotes corrective experiences lead 2 learning new skills Clients gain insight into their problems & then must actively practice changing self-defeating thinking & acting
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wow
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Reality T Therapeutic Relationship
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fundamental task: for therapist 2 create good relationship w/ client Therapists r then able 2 engage clients in an evaluation of all their relationships w/ respect 2 what they want & how effective they r in getting this Therapists find out what clients want, ask what they r choosing 2 do, invite them 2 evaluate present behavior, help them make plans for change, & get them 2 make commitment therapist: client’s advocate, as long as client: willing 2 attempt 2 behave responsibly
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Feminist T Therapeutic Relationship
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therapeutic relationship: based on empowerment & egalitarianism Therapists actively break down hierarchy of power & reduce artificial barriers by engaging in appropriate self-disclosure & teaching clients about T process Therapists strive 2 create collaborative relationship in which clients can become their own expert
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Postmodern approaches Therapeutic Relationship
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T: collaborative partnership Clients r viewed as experts on their own life Therapists use questioning dialogue 2 help clients free themselves from their problem-saturated stories & create new life-affirming stories Solution-focused therapists assume an active role in guiding client away from problem-talk & toward solution-talk Clients r encouraged 2 explore their strengths & 2 create solutions will lead 2 richer future Narrative therapists assist clients in externalizing problems & guide them in examining self-limiting stories & creating new & more liberating stories
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Family systems T Therapeutic Relationship
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family therapist functions as teacher, coach, model, & consultant family learns ways 2 detect & solve problems r keeping members stuck, & it learns about patterns have been transmitted from generation 2 generation Some approaches focus on role of therapist as expert; others concentrate on intensifying what: going on in here & now of family session All family therapists r concerned w/ process of family interaction & teaching patterns of communication.
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Psychoanalytic T Techniques
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key techniques: interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference, & countertransference. Techniques: designed 2 help clients gain access 2 their unconscious conflicts, which leads 2 insight & eventual assimilation of new material by ego.
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Adlerian T Techniques
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Adlerians pay more attention 2 subjective experiences of clients than 2 using techniques. Some techniques include gathering life-history dat(family constellation, early recollections, personal priorities), sharing interpretations with clients, offering encouragement, & assisting clients in searching for new possibilities
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Existential T Techniques
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Few techniques flow from this approach because it stresses understanding first & technique second. The therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches & incorporate them in an existential framework. Diagnosis, testing, & external measurements: not deemed important. Issues addressed: freedom & responsibility, isolation & relationships, meaning & meaninglessness, living & dying
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Person-centered T Techniques
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This approach uses few techniques but stresses attitudes of therapist & “way of being.” Therapists strive for active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, “being there” for client, & focusing on moment-to-moment experiencing of client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking case history, or questioning or probing for information
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Gestalt T Techniques
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wide range of experiments: designed 2 intensify experiencing & 2 integrate conflicting feelings. Experiments: co-created by therapist & client through an I/Thou dialogue. Therapists have latitude 2 creatively invent their own experiments. Formal diagnosis & testing: not required part of therapy
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Behavior T Techniques
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main techniques: reinforcement, shaping, modeling, systematic desensitization, relaxation methods, flooding, eye movement & desensitization reprocessing, cognitive restructuring, assertion & social skills training, self-management programs, mindfulness & acceptance methods, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, & various multimodal T techniques. Diagnosis or assessment is done at outset 2 determine treatment plan. Questions concentrate on “what,” “how,” & “when” (but not “why”). Contracts & homework assignments: also typically used
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Cognitive behavior T Techniques
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Therapists use variety of cognitive, emotive, & behavioral techniques; diverse methods: tailored 2 suit individual clients. active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, psychoeducational, structured therapy. Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialogue, collaborative empiricism, debating irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments, gathering daton assumptions one has made, keeping record of activities, forming alternative interpretations, learning new coping skills, changing one’s language & thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, confronting faulty beliefs, self-instructional training, & stress inoculation training
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Reality T Techniques
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This is an active, directive, & didactic therapy. Skillful questioning is central technique used for duration of T process. Various techniques may be used 2 get clients 2 evaluate what they: presently doing 2 see if they: willing 2 change. If clients decide their present behavior is not effective, they develop specific plan for change & make commitment 2 follow through
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Feminist T Techniques
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Although techniques from traditional approaches: used, feminist practitioners tend 2 employ consciousness-raising techniques aimed at helping clients recognize impact of gender-role socialization on their lives. Other techniques frequently used include gender-role analysis & intervention, power analysis & intervention, demystifying therapy, bibliotherapy, journal writing, therapist self-disclosure, assertiveness training, reframing & relabeling, cognitive restructuring, identifying & challenging untested beliefs, role playing, psychodramatic methods, group work, & social action
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Postmodern approaches Techniques
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In solution-focused T main technique involves change-talk, with emphasis on times in client’s life when problem was not problem. Other techniques include creative use of questioning, miracle question, & scaling questions, which assist clients in developing alternative stories. In narrative therapy, specific techniques include listening 2 client’s problem-saturated story without getting stuck, externalizing & naming problem, externalizing conversations, & discovering clues 2 competence. Narrative therapists often write letters 2 clients & assist them in finding an audience will support their changes & new stories
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Family systems T Techniques
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variety of techniques may be used, depending on particular theoretical orientation of therapist. Techniques include genograms, teaching, asking questions, joining family, tracking sequences, issuing directives, use of countertransference, family mapping, reframing, restructuring, enactments, & setting boundaries. Techniques may be experiential, cognitive, or behavioral in nature. Most: designed 2 bring about change in short time
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Psychoanalytic T Approaches
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Candidates for analytic T include professionals who want 2 become therapists, people who have had intensive T & want 2 go further, & those who are in psychological pain. Not recommended for self-centered & impulsive individuals or for people w/ psychotic disorders. Techniques can be applied 2 individual & group therapy
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Adlerian T Approaches
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Because approach is based on a growth model, applicable 2 such varied spheres of life as child guidance, parent-child counseling, marital & family therapy, individual counseling w/ all age groups, correctional & rehabilitation counseling, group counseling, substance abuse programs, & brief counseling. ideally suited 2 preventive care & alleviating a broad range of conditions interfere w/ growth
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Existential T Approaches
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approach especially suited 2 people facing developmental crisis or transition in life & for those w/ existential concerns (making choices, dealing w/ freedom & responsibility, coping w/ guilt & anxiety, making sense of life, & finding values) or those seeking personal enhancement. approach can be applied 2 both individual & group counseling, & 2 couples & family therapy, crisis intervention, & community mental health work
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Person-centered T Approaches
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Has wide applicability 2 individual & group counseling. especially well suited for initial phases of crisis intervention work. principles been applied 2 couples & family therapy, community programs, administration & management, & human relations training. useful teaching approach, parent-child relations, & for working w/ groups of people from diverse cultural backgrounds
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Gestalt T Approaches
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Addresses a wide range of problems & populations: crisis intervention, treatment of a range of psychosomatic disorders, couples & family therapy, awareness training of mental health professionals, behavior problems in children, & teaching & learning. well suited 2 both individual & group counseling. The methods are powerful catalysts for opening up feelings & getting clients into contact w/ their present-centered experience
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Behavior T Approaches
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pragmatic approach based on empirical validation of results. Enjoys wide applicability 2 individual, group, couples, & family counseling. Some problems 2 which approach is well suited are phobic disorders, depression, trauma, sexual disorders, children’s behavioral disorders, stuttering, & prevention of cardiovascular disease. Beyond clinical practice, its principles are applied in fields such as pediatrics, stress management, behavioral medicine, education, & geriatrics
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Cognitive behavior T Approaches
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widely applied 2 treatment of depression, anxiety, relationship problems, stress management, skill training, substance abuse, assertion training, eating disorders, panic attacks, performance anxiety, & social phobias. CBT is especially useful for assisting people in modifying their cognitions. Many self-help approaches utilize its principles. CBT can be applied 2 wide range of client populations w/ variety of specific problems
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Reality T Approaches
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Geared 2 teaching people ways of using choice theory in everyday living 2 increase effective behaviors. It has been applied 2 individual counseling w/ a wide range of clients, group counseling, working w/ youthful law offenders, & couples & family therapy. In some instances well suited 2 brief T & crisis intervention
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Feminist T Approaches
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Principles & techniques can be applied 2 range of therapeutic modalities such as individual therapy, relationship counseling, family therapy, group counseling, & community intervention. The approach can be applied 2 both women & men w/ goal of bringing about empowerment
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Postmodern approaches-Approaches
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Solution-focused T well suited for people w/ adjustment disorders & for problems of anxiety & depression. Narrative T now being used for broad range of human difficulties including eating disorders, family distress, depression, & relationship concerns. These approaches can be applied 2 working w/ children, adolescents, adults, couples, families, & community in wide variety of settings. Both solution-focused & narrative approaches lend themselves 2 group counseling & 2 school counseling
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Family systems T Approaches
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Useful for dealing w/ marital distress, problems communicating among family members, power struggles, family crisis situations, helping individuals attain their potential, & enhancing overall family functioning
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Psychoanalytic Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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family dynamics appropriate for working w/ many cultural groups. therapist’s formality appeals 2 clients who expect professional distance. Notion of ego defense helpful understanding inner dynamics & dealing w/ environmental stresses. Adlerian Multicultural Counseling Contributions social interest, helping others, collectivism, pursuing meaning life, importance of family, goal orientation, & belonging congruent w/ values of many cultures. person-in-the-environment allows for cultural factors 2 be explored
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Existential Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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understanding client’s phenomenological world, including cultural background. This approach leads 2 empowerment oppressive society. can help clients examine their options for change within context of their cultural realities. existential approach particularly suited 2 counseling diverse clients because of philosophical foundation that emphasizes human condition
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Person-centered Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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breaking cultural barriers & facilitating open dialogue among diverse cultural populations. Main strengths r respect for clients’ values, active listening, welcoming of differences, nonjudgmental attitude, understanding, willingness 2 allow clients 2 determine what will be explored sessions, & prizing cultural pluralism
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Gestalt Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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expressing oneself nonverbally congruent w/ those cultures that look beyond words for messages. Provides many experiments working w/ clients who have cultural injunctions against freely expressing feelings. Can help 2 overcome language barrier w/ bilingual clients. bodily expressions subtle way 2 help clients recognize their conflicts
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Behavior Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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behavior, rather than on feelings, compatible w/ many cultures. Strengths include collaborative relationship between counselor & client working toward mutually agreed-upon goals, continual assessment 2 determine if techniques r suited 2 clients’ unique situations, assisting clients learning practical skills, educational focus, & stress on self-management strategies
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CBT Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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collaborative approach that offers clients opportunities 2 express their areas of concern. psychoeducational dimensions r often useful exploring cultural conflicts & teaching new behavior. emphasis on thinking (as opposed 2 identifying & expressing feelings) likely 2 be acceptable 2 many clients. teaching & learning tends 2 avoid stigma of mental illness. Clients may value active & directive stance of therapist
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Reality Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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clients making their own evaluation of behavior (including how they respond 2 their culture). Through personal assessment clients can determine degree 2 which their needs & wants r being satisfied. They can find balance between retaining their own ethnic identity & integrating some of values & practices of dominant society
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Feminist Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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both individual change & social transformation. A key contribution that both women’s movement & multicultural movement have called attention 2 negative impact of discrimination & oppression for both women & men. Emphasizes influence of expected cultural roles & explores client’s satisfaction w/ & knowledge of these roles
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Postmodern approaches Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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social & cultural context of behavior. Stories that r being authored T office need 2 be anchored social world which client lives. Therapists do not make assumptions about people & honor each client’s unique story & cultural background. Therapists take active role challenging social & cultural injustices that lead 2 oppression of certain groups. Therapy becomes process of liberation from oppressive cultural values & enables clients 2 become active agents of their destinies
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Family Systems Multicultural Counseling Contributions
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family or community system. Many ethnic & cultural groups place value on role of extended family. Many family therapies deal w/ extended family members & w/ support systems. Networking part of process, which congruent w/ values of many clients. There greater chance for individual change if other family members r supportive. This approach offers ways of working toward health of family unit & welfare of each member
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Psychoanalytic Multicultural Limitations
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focus on insight, intrapsychic dynamics, & long-term treatment is often not valued by clients who prefer 2 learn coping skills 4 dealing w/ pressing daily concerns. Internal focus is often in conflict w/ cultural values stress interpersonal & environmental focus
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Adlerian Multicultural Limitations
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uses detailed interview about one’s family background; this can conflict w/ cultures have injunctions against disclosing family matters. Some clients may view counselor as authority who will provide answers 2 problems, which conflicts w/ egalitarian, person-to-person spirit as way 2 reduce social distance
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Existential Multicultural Limitations
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Values of individuality, freedom, autonomy, & self-realization often conflict w/ cultural values of collectivism, respect 4 tradition, deference 2 authority, & interdependence. Some may b deterred by absence of specific techniques. Others will expect more focus on surviving in their world
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Person-centered Multicultural Limitations
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Some of core values of this approach may not b congruent w/ client’s culture. Lack of counselor direction & structure are unacceptable 4 clients who are seeking help & immediate answers from knowledgeable professional
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Gestalt Multicultural Limitations
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Clients who have been culturally conditioned 2 b emotionally reserved may not embrace Gestalt experiments. Some may not see how “being aware of present experiencing” will lead 2 solving their problems
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Behavior Multicultural Limitations
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Family members may not value clients’ newly acquired assertive style, clients must b taught how 2 cope w/ resistance by others. Counselors need 2 help clients assess possible consequences of making behavioral changes
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CBT Multicultural Limitations
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Before too quickly attempting 2 change beliefs & actions of clients, essential 4 therapist 2 understand & respect their world. Some clients may have serious reservations about questioning their basic cultural values & beliefs. Clients could become dependent on therapist 4 deciding what are appropriate ways 2 solve problems
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Reality Multicultural Limitations
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stresses taking charge of one’s own life, yet some clients are more interested in changing their external environment. Counselor needs 2 appreciate role of discrimination & racism & help clients deal w/ social & political realities
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Feminist Multicultural Limitations
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model criticized 4 bias toward values of White, middle-class, heterosexual women, which are not applicable 2 many other groups of women nor 2 men. Therapists need 2 assess w/ their clients price of making significant personal change, which may result in isolation from extended family as clients assume new roles & make life changes.
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Postmodern approaches Multicultural Limitations
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Some clients come wanting 2 talk about their problems & may b put off by insistence on talking about exceptions 2 their problems. Clients may view therapist as expert & b reluctant 2 view themselves as experts. Certain clients may doubt helpfulness of therapist who assumes “not-knowing” position
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Family systems Multicultural Limitations
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rests on value assumptions incongruent w/ values of clients from some cultures. Western concepts such as individuation, self-actualization, self-determination, independence, & self-expression may b foreign 2 some clients. In some cultures, admitting problems within family is shameful. value of “keeping problems within family” may make it difficult 2 explore conflicts openly
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Psychoanalytic Contributions
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More than any other system, this approach has generated controversy as well as exploration & has stimulated further thinking & development of T. provided detailed & comprehensive description of personality structure & functioning. brought into prominence factors such as unconscious as determinant of behavior & role of trauma during first 6 years of life. developed several techniques 4 tapping unconscious & shed light on dynamics of transference & countertransference, resistance, anxiety, & mechanisms of ego defense
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Adlerian Contributions
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key influence Adlerian concepts have had on other systems & integration of these concepts into various contemporary therapies. One of first approaches 2 T was humanistic, unified, holistic, & goal-oriented & put an emphasis on social & psychological factors
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Existential Contributions
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Recognition of need 4 subjective approach based on complete view of human condition. calls attention 2 need 4 philosophical statement on what means 2 b person. Stress on I/Thou relationship lessens chances of dehumanizing T. provides perspective 4 understanding anxiety, guilt, freedom, death, isolation, & commitment
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Person-centered Contributions
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Clients take an active stance & assume responsibility 4 direction of T. Unique approach has been subjected 2 empirical testing, & as result both theory & methods have been modified. open system. People without advanced training can benef by translating therapeutic conditions 2 both their personal & professional lives. Basic concepts r straightforward & easy 2 grasp & apply. foundation 4 building trusting relationship, applicable 2 all therapies
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Gestalt Contributions
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emphasis on direct experiencing & doing rather than on merely talking about feelings provides perspective on growth & enhancement, not merely treatment of disorders. uses clients’ behavior as basis 4 making them aware of their inner creative potential. approach 2 dreams unique, creative tool 2 help clients discover basic conflicts. T viewed as an existential encounter; process-oriented, not technique-oriented. recognizes nonverbal behavior as key 2 understanding
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Behavior Contributions
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Emphasis on assessment & evaluation techniques, thus providing basis 4 accountable practice. Specific problems r identified, & clients r kept informed about progress toward their goals. approach has demonstrated effectiveness in many areas of human functioning. roles of therapist as reinforcer, model, teacher, & consultant r explicit. approach has undergone extensive expansion, & research literature abounds. No longer mechanistic approach, 4 now makes room 4 cognitive factors & encourages self-directed programs 4 behavioral change
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CBT Contributions
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emphasis on comprehensive & eclectic therapeutic practice; numerous cognitive, emotive, & behavioral techniques; an openness 2 incorporating techniques from other approaches; & methodology 4 challenging & changing faulty thinking. Most forms can b integrated into other mainstream therapies. REBT makes full use of action-oriented homework, various psychoeducational methods, & keeping records of progress. structured T has good track record 4 treating depression & anxiety in short time
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Reality T Contributions
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positive approach w/ an action orientation relies on simple & clear concepts r easily grasped in many helping professions. can b used by teachers, nurses, ministers, educators, social workers, & counselors. Due 2 direct methods, appeals 2 many clients who r often seen as resistant 2 T. short-term approach can b applied 2 diverse population, & has been significant force in challenging medical model of T.
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Feminist Contributions
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perspective responsible 4 encouraging increasing numbers of women 2 question gender stereotypes & 2 reject limited views of what woman expected 2 be. paving way 4 gender-sensitive practice & bringing attention 2 gendered uses of power in relationships. unified feminist voice brought attention 2 extent & implications of child abuse, incest, rape, sexual harassment, & domestic violence. Feminist principles & interventions can b incorporated in other T approaches
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Postmodern approaches Contributions
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brevity of these approaches fit well w/ limitations imposed by managed care structure. emphasis on client strengths & competence appeals 2 clients who want 2 create solutions & revise their life stories in positive direction. Clients r not blamed 4 their problems but r helped 2 understand how they might relate in more satisfying ways 2 such problems. strength of these approaches question format invites clients 2 view themselves in new & more effective ways
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Family systems Contributions
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From systemic perspective, neither individual nor family blamed 4 particular dysfunction. family empowered through process of identifying & exploring interactional patterns. Working w/ an entire un provides new perspective on understanding & working through both individual problems & relationship concerns. By exploring one’s family of origin, there r increased opportunities 2 resolve other conflicts in systems outside of family
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Psychoanalytic Limitations
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Requires lengthy training for therapists & much time & expense for clients. The model stresses biological & instinctual factors 2 neglect of social, cultural, & interpersonal ones. Its methods r less applicable for solving specific daily life problems of clients & may not b appropriate for some ethnic & cultural groups. Many clients lack degree of ego strength needed for regressive & reconstructive T. It may b inappropriate for certain counseling settings
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Adlerian Limitations
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Weak in terms of precision, testability, & empirical validity. Few attempts have been made 2 validate basic concepts by scientific methods. Tends 2 oversimplify some complex human problems & is based heavily on common sense
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Existential Limitations
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Many basic concepts r fuzzy & ill-defined, making its general framework abstract at times. Lacks systematic statement of principles & practices of T. Has limited applicability 2 lower functioning & nonverbal clients & 2 clients in extreme crisis who need direction
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Person-centered Limitations
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Possible danger from therapist who remains passive & inactive, limiting responses 2 reflection. Many clients feel need for greater direction, more structure, & more techniques. Clients in crisis may need more directive measures. Applied 2 individual counseling, some cultural groups will expect more counselor activity
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Gestalt Limitations
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Techniques lead 2 intense emotional expression; if these feelings r not explored & if cognitive work is not done, clients r likely 2 b left unfinished & will not have sense of integration of their learning. Clients who have difficulty using imagination may not profit from certain experiments
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Behavior Limitations
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Major criticisms r it may change behavior but not feelings; it ignores relational factors in T; it does not provide insight; it ignores historical causes of present behavior; it involves control by therapist; & limited in its capacity 2 address certain aspects of human condition
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CBT Limitations
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Tends 2 play down emotions, does not focus on exploring unconscious or underlying conflicts, de-emphasizes value of insight, & sometimes does not give enough weight 2 client’s past. REBT, being confrontational T, might lead 2 premature termination. CBT might b too structured for some clients
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Reality Limitations
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Discounts therapeutic value of exploration of client’s past, dreams, unconscious, early childhood experiences, & transference. The approach is limited 2 less complex problems. problem-solving T tends 2 discourage exploration of deeper emotional issues
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Feminist Limitations
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potential for therapists 2 impose new set of values on clients—such as striving for equality, power in relationships, defining oneself, freedom 2 pursue career outside home, & right 2 an education. Therapists need 2 keep in mind clients r their own best experts, which means up 2 them 2 decide which values 2 live by.
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Postmodern approaches Limitations
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There is little empirical validation of effectiveness of T outcomes. Some critics contend these approaches endorse cheerleading & an overly positive perspective. Some r critical of stance taken by most postmodern therapists regarding assessment & diagnosis, & also react negatively 2 “not-knowing” stance of therapist. Because some of solution-focused techniques r relatively easy 2 learn, practitioners may use these interventions in mechanical way or implement these techniques without sound rationale
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Family systems Limitations
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include problems in being able 2 involve all members of family in T. Some family members may b resistant 2 changing structure of system. Therapists’ self-knowledge & willingness 2 work on their own family-of-origin issues is crucial, for potential for countertransference is high.
essential therapist b well trained, receive quality supervision, & b competent in assessing & treating individuals in family context. |
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