Pos 301 Quiz 3

Front 1

Alternative-form method

Back 1

A method of calculating reliability by repeating different but equivalent measures at two or more points in time.

Front 2

Construct Validity

Back 2

Validity demonstrated for a measure by showing that it is related to the measure of another concept.

Front 3

Content validity

Back 3

Validity demonstrated by ensuring that the full domain of a concept is measured.

Front 4

Convergent construct validity

Back 4

Validity demonstrated by showing that the measure of a concept is related to the measure of another, related concept.

Front 5

Correlation matrix.

Back 5

A table showing the relationships among discrete measures

Front 6

Dichotomous variable

Back 6

A nominal-level variable having only two categories that for certain analytical purposes can be treated as a quantitative variable.

Front 7

Discriminant construct validity

Back 7

Validity demonstrated by showing that the measure of a concept has a low correlation with the measure of another concept that is thought to be unrelated.

Front 8

Face validity

Back 8

validity asserted by arguing that a measure corresponds closely to the concept it is designed to measure.

Front 9

Factor analysis

Back 9

A statistical technique useful in the construction of multi-item scales to measure abstract concepts.

Front 10

Guttman scale

Back 10

A multi-item measure in which respondents are presented with increasingly difficult measures of approval for an attitude.

Front 11

Interitem association

Back 11

A test of the extent to which the scores of several items, each thought to measure the same concept, are the same. Results are displayed in a correlation matrix.

Front 12

Interval measurement

Back 12

A measure for which a one-unit difference in scores is the same throughout the range of the measure.

Front 13

Level of measurement

Back 13

The extent or degree to which the values of variables can be compared and mathematically manipulated.

Front 14

Likert scale

Back 14

A multi-item measure in which the items are selected based on their ability to discriminate between those scoring high and those scoring low on the measure.

Front 15

Measurement

Back 15

The process by which phenomena are observed systematically and represented by scores or numerals.

Front 16

Mokken Scale

Back 16

A type of scaling procedure that assesses the extent to which there is order in the responses of respondents to multiple items. Similar to Guttman Scaling

Front 17

Nominal measurement

Back 17

A measure for which different scores represent different, but not ordered, categories.

Front 18

Operational definition

Back 18

The rules by which a concept is measured and scores assigned.

Front 19

Ordinal measurement

Back 19

A measure for which the scores represent ordered categories that are not necessarily equidistant from each other.

Front 20

Ratio measurement

Back 20

A measure for which the scores possess the full mathematical properties of the numbers assigned.

Front 21

Reliability

Back 21

The extent to which a measure yields the same results on repeated trials.

Front 22

Split-halves method

Back 22

A method of calculating reliability by comparing the results of two equivalent measures made at the same time

Front 23

Summation index

Back 23

A multi-item measure in which individual scores on a set of items are combined to form a summary measure.

Front 24

Test-retest method

Back 24

A method of calculating reliability by repeating the same measure at two or more points in time.

Front 25

Validity

Back 25

The correspondence between a measure and the concept it is supposed to measure.

Front 26

Case study design

Back 26

A comprehensive and in-depth study of a single case or several cases. A nonexperimental design in which the investigator has little control over events.

Front 27

Classical randomized experiment design

Back 27

An experiment with the random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups with a pretest and posttest for both groups.

Front 28

Cohort

Back 28

A group of people who all experience a significant event in roughly the same time frame.

Front 29

Control group

Back 29

A group of subjects that does not receive the experimental treatment or test simulus.

Front 30

Correlation

Back 30

A statement that the values or states of one thing systematically vary with the values or state of another; an association between two variables.

Front 31

Cross-sectional design

Back 31

A research design in which measurements of independent and dependent variables are taken at the same time; naturally occurring differences in the independent variable are used to create quasi-experimental and quasi-control groups; extraneous factors are controlled for by statistical means.

Front 32

Demand characteristics

Back 32

Aspects of the research situation that cause participants to guess the purpose or rationale of the study and adjust their behavior or opinions accordingly.

Front 33

Experiment

Back 33

research using a research design in which the researcher controls exposure to the test factor or independent variable, the assignment of subjects to groups, and the measurement of responses.

Front 34

Experimental effect

Back 34

Effect, usually measured numerically, of the experimental variable on the dependent variable

Front 35

Experimental group

Back 35

A group of subjects that receives the experimental treatment of test stimulus

Front 36

Experimental mortality

Back 36

A differential loss of subjects from experimental and control groups that affects the equivalency of groups; threat to internal validity

Front 37

External validity

Back 37

The ability to generalize from one set of research findings to other situations.

Front 38

Field experiment

Back 38

Experimental designs applied in a natural setting

Front 39

Formal model

Back 39

A simplified and abstract representation of reality that can be expressed verbally, mathematically, or in some other symbolic system and the purports to show how variables or parts of a system are interconnected.

Front 40

Internal validity

Back 40

The ability to show that manipulation or variation of the independent variable actually causes the dependent variable to change.

Front 41

Intervention analysis.

Back 41

A nonexperimental time series design in which measurements of a dependent variable are taken both before and after the introduction of an independent variable.

Front 42

Multiple-group design

Back 42

Experimental design with more than one control and experimental group.

Front 43

Period Effect

Back 43

An indicator or measure of history effects on a dependent variable during a specified time.

Front 44

Policy evaluation

Back 44

Objective analysis or economic, political, cultural, or social effects of public policies

Front 45

Posttest design

Back 45

Research design in which the dependent variable is measured after, but not before, manipulation of the independent variable.

Front 46

Pretest

Back 46

Measurement of the dependent variable prior to the administration of the experimental treatment or manipulation of the independent variable.

Front 47

Quasi-experimental design

Back 47

A research design that includes treatment and control groups to which individuals are not assigned randomly.

Front 48

Randomization

Back 48

The random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups.

Front 49

Repeated-measurement design

Back 49

A plan that calls for making more than one measure or observation on a dependent variable at different times over the course of the study.

Front 50

Research design

Back 50

A plan specifying how the researcher intends to fulfill the goals of the study; a logical plan for testing hypotheses.

Front 51

Selection bias

Back 51

Bias due to the assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups according to some criterion and not randomly; threat to internal validity.

Front 52

Simulation

Back 52

A simple representation of a system in order to study its behavior.

Front 53

Small-N design

Back 53

A research design in which the researcher examines one or a few cases of a phenomenon in considerable detail.

Front 54

Statistical regression

Back 54

Change in the dependent variable due to the temporary nature of extreme values; threat to internal validity.

Front 55

Test stimulus/test factor

Back 55

The independent variable introduced and controlled by an investigator in order to assess its effects on a response or dependent variable.

Front 56

Time series design

Back 56

A research design (sometimes called a longitudinal design) featuring multiple measurements of the dependent variable before and after experimental treatment.

Front 57

Trend analysis

Back 57

Research design that measures a dependent variable at different times and attempts to determine whether the level of the variable is changing and, if it is, why.