Pos 218: Chapters 11 & 12

Front 1

Communitarian View

Back 1

Praises the many values of direct citizen party participation in community affair, just by voting but perhaps more importantly, by participating in groups and forums, working with neighbors to solve problems of the community.

Front 2

Referenda Voting

Back 2

Voters deciding whether to approve an issue or proposal put on the ballot by a local government

Front 3

Public-Regardingness

Back 3

The tendency of upper-class, liberal voters to support recreational, cultural, and environmental projects

Front 4

Growth Management

Back 4

In local government, efforts to limit or restrict population growth and commercial and industrial development.

Front 5

Incumbent

Back 5

The person currently serving in a public office

Front 6

Machine

Back 6

In politics, a tightly disciplined political organization, historically centered in big cities, which traded patronage jobs, public contracts, services, and favors for votes.

Front 7

Political Machine

Back 7

A political organization that employs personal and material rewards (friendships, favors, jobs) to achieve power.

Front 8

Boss

Back 8

The acknowledged lender of a political machine, who may or may not occupy a public office.

Front 9

Patronage

Back 9

Rewards granted by government office holders to political supporters in the form of government jobs or contracts

Front 10

Corruption

Back 10

In politics, the use of public office for private gain, including bribery, conflict of interest, and the misuse and abuse of power

Front 11

Municipal Reform Movement

Back 11

In local government, a general reference to efforts to eliminate political machines, patronage, and party influence, and to install professional city management, nonpartisan elections, at large districts, and the merit system

Front 12

Model City Charter

Back 12

A guide for cities to use when writing or revising their charters, written by the National Civic League, a good government reform-minded organization.

Front 13

Public or Political Corruption

Back 13

When government officials use their public office or position for personal gain or benefit

Front 14

Citizen Politician

Back 14

People with business or professional careers who get into politics part time or for short periods

Front 15

Career Politician

Back 15

People who enter politics early in life as a full-time occupation and expect to make it their career

Front 16

Politicos

Back 16

Those who run because they enjoy politics and hope to move on to another office

Front 17

Self-Regarders

Back 17

Those who enter city politics intent on personal enrichment.

Front 18

Community-Regarders

Back 18

People who run for office to serve the whole community and seek no personal gain.

Front 19

Locals

Back 19

Citizens who run primarily to help friends and neighbors, not parties (partisans) or single issue interest groups.

Front 20

Particularists

Back 20

Those who run because of an overriding cancer for a specific issue or issues; they tend to be outsiders — minorities or members of groups long underrepresented in government — and one-termers.

Front 21

Accountability

Back 21

In politics, the extent to which an elected official must answer to his or her constituents.

Front 22

City Manager

Back 22

The chief executive of a city government, who is appointed by the city council and responsible to it.

Front 23

Policy Managers

Back 23

City managers who provide community leadership through their recommendations to their city councils on a wide variety of matters.

Front 24

Administrative Managers

Back 24

City managers who restrict themselves to the supervision of the municipal bureaucracy and avoid innovative policy recommendations, particularly in controversial areas.

Front 25

Civic Associations

Back 25

In local politics, an organization of citizens that works to further its own view of the best interest of the community.

Front 26

Taxpayer Groups

Back 26

Interest groups that generally stand for lower taxes and fewer governmental activities and services

Front 27

Environmental “Growth Management “ Groups

Back 27

Interest groups that are generally opposed to community growth, highway construction, street widening, tree cutting, increased traffic, noise and pollution, and commercial or industrial development.

Front 28

Neighborhood Associations

Back 28

In local politics, an organization of the residents of a specific neighborhood that works to protect property values.

Front 29

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Back 29

A core urban area of 50,000 or more people together with adjacent counties with predominantly urban populations and with close ties to the central city.

Front 30

Micropolitan Statistical Area

Back 30

A small core urban area of 10,000 - 50,000 people with adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic interconnectedness with the urban core.

Front 31

Megalopolis

Back 31

Metropolitan areas the adjoin each other, creating a continuous urban over an extended area.

Front 32

Heterogeneity

Back 32

In metropolitan areas, differences among people in occupation, education, income, race, and ethnicity.

Front 33

Fragmented Government

Back 33

Multiple governmental jurisdictions, including cities, townships, school districts, and special districts, all operating in a single metropolitan area

Front 34

Job Sprawl

Back 34

The decentralization over time of people, business, and industry that spread themselves over suburban landscape.

Front 35

First Suburbs

Back 35

Communities that are neither fully urban nor completely suburban. They are usually in the first ring of suburbs that sprang up around central cities right after World World II.

Front 36

Social Class

Back 36

The occupation, income, and education levels of a population.

Front 37

“Familism”

Back 37

A reference to a child-centered lifestyle observed more frequently in suburbs than in central cities.

Front 38

“Sprawl”

Back 38

A negative reference to the outward extension of new low-density residential and commercial development from the central city

Front 39

Inner City

Back 39

The area of the central city in which poverty, joblessness, crime, and social dependency are most prevalent.

Front 40

New Urbanist

Back 40

A person who favors more compact, livable communities rather than suburbs, which they see as contributing to pollution and environmental destruction.

Front 41

Walkable Urbanism

Back 41

An approach to development that features pedestrian-orientated, mixed-use, mixed-income areas within the same neighborhood.

Front 42

“Gentrification”

Back 42

The movement of upper-class residents and trendy high-priced restaurants and boutiques to downtown locations; revitalizes downtown areas

Front 43

Regionalism

Back 43

Centralizing or combining activities of local governments in a metropolitan area; consolidation

Front 44

Localism

Back 44

Allowing individual local governments to provide services within their own communities; fragmentation

Front 45

Functional Consolidation (“Service Merger”)

Back 45

Several local governments jointly provide a service, such as emergency management.

Front 46

Tiebout Model

Back 46

An economic theory that asserts that families and business in metropolitan areas can maximize their preferences for services and taxes by choosing locations among multiple local governments.

Front 47

Free Riders

Back 47

Those that unfairly benefit from services paid by for by others

Front 48

Annexation

Back 48

The extension of city boundaries over adjacent territory in unincorporated areas; often requires voter approval

Front 49

City-County Consolidation

Back 49

The merger of a county and a city government into a single jurisdiction

Front 50

Special Districts

Back 50

Local governmental units usually charged with performing a single function; often overlap municipal and county boundaries

Front 51

Authorities

Back 51

Special purpose local governments similar in function to special districts but able to cross state lines

Front 52

Councils of Government (COGs)

Back 52

Associations of governments or government officials in metropolitan areas that study, discuss, and recommend solutions to metropolitanwide problems

Front 53

“Metro” Government

Back 53

A federated system of government for metropolitan areas in which powers are divided between a comprehensive government encompassing the entire area and multiple local governments operating within the area.