Pol 106 Exam 2

Front 1

2 goals of congress

Back 1

Conflicting goals: Citizens have conflicting goals when it comes to the operation of their national legislature

Institutionalized Goals: The rules that determine how Congress works were designed by the founders to produce slow, careful lawmaking that can seem motionless to an impatient public

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Lawmaking

Back 2

the creation of policy to address the problems and needs of the entire nation

Front 3

Representation of Congress

Back 3

the efforts by elected officials to look out for the interests of those who elect them

Front 4

Policy representation

Back 4

congressional work to advance the issues and ideological preferences of constituents

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Allocative Representation

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congressional work to secure projects, services, and funds for the represented district

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Casework Representation

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legislative work on behalf of individual constituents to solve their problems with government agencies and programs

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Symbolic Representation

Back 7

efforts of members of Congress to stand for American ideals or identify with common constituency values

Front 8

Congress passes bills

Back 8

President signs or vetoes
(President’s State of the Union address formulates policy)

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President powers

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*appoints cabinet, ambassadors, judges to federal courts
*represents national constituency
*controls Executive branch and executes laws

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Reapportionment

Back 10

a reallocation of congressional seats among the states every ten years, following the census

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Redistricting

Back 11

process of redrawing district lines in states with more than one representative (carried out by state legislators or commission)

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Gerrymandering

Back 12

redistricting to benefit a particular group

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Racial Gerrymandering

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redistricting to enhance or reduce the chances that a racial or ethnic group will elect members to the legislature

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Strategic Politican

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office-seeker who bases the decision to run on a rational calculation that he or she will be successful

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Standing Committee

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permanent committees responsible for legislation in particular policy areas

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House Rules Committee

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determines how and when debate on a bill will take place

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Select Committee

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appointed to deal with an issue or problem not suited to a standing committee

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Joint Committee's

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combined House-Senate committee formed to coordinate activities and expedite legislation in a certain area

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Conference Committee

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*formed temporarily to reconcile differences in House and Senate versions of a bill
*may alter or rewrite legislation

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Congressional Policymaking

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*Congress is a bi-cameral
*Congress has fragmentation
*Congressional norms

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Bill becomes a Law

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*Getting on the legislative agenda
President: State of the Union, exercises role as policy entrepreneur; highly publicized agenda

*Legislative process
Introduced and then moves through committees (most often dies here or is marked up)

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Bill Getting to the floor

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*House has rules on debate from Rules Committee
*Senate can offer amendments or filibuster (stopped only by cloture)

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Final Challenge for passing a bill

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*Roll call vote; if bill passes with different language, must go to conference committee
*Presidential veto
*Congress can override veto with two-thirds vote in each chamber

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Head of Gov v.s. Head of State

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*Head of government: the political role of the president as leader of a political party and chief arbiter of who gets what resources
*Head of state: the apolitical, unifying role of the president as symbolic representative of the whole country

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Presidential Qualifications

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*Chosen by Electoral College (modified by 12th Amendment)
*Limited to two 4-year terms in office (22nd Amendment)
*Natural-born citizen; resident for 14 years
*At least 35 years old
*Vice president succeeds in event of death, disability, or resignation (20th and 25th Amendments)
*Removal from office by House impeachment and Senate conviction for “high crimes and misdemeanors”

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President power-CHIEF ADMIN

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head of federal agencies and responsible for the implementation of national policy; appoints cabinet members (heads of departments and agencies)

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President power-COMMANDER IN CHEIF

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top officer of the country’s military establishment and civilian head of American military forces

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President power-CHIEF FOREIGN POLICY MAKER

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negotiates treaties, makes executive agreements with other countries

Front 29

State of Union Address

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speech given by the president to a joint session of Congress and to the nation announcing the president’s agenda

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Presidential Veto

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*president’s authority to reject a bill passed by Congress
*may only be overridden by two-thirds majority in each house
*veto threat often brings congressional compromise

Front 31

Executive Orders

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*clarification of congressional policy issued by the president and having the full force of law
*Historically responsible for major policy shifts

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Judicial Powers

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nominate judges to the federal courts and justices to Supreme Court

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Solicitor General

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Justice Dept. officer who argues government’s cases before Supreme Court

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Pardoning Power

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release or excuse person from legal penalties of a crime

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Inherent Powers

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implied but not stated explicitly in the Constitution

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Expectations Gap

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high public expectations but limited constitutional authority means presidents rely on informal powers

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Power to persuade

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a president’s ability to convince Congress, other political actors, and the public to cooperate with the administration’s agenda

Front 38

Presidential Cabinet

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*Members head the executive departments
*Cabinet members have own views; may not be loyal

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Executive office of the President (EOP)

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*Designed to serve president’s interests and exert control over executive branch
*OMB, NSC, Council of Economic Advisors

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White House Office

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*Close relationship to president
*Chief of staff: the person who oversees the operations of all White House staff and controls access to the president

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Vice President

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fill this out still !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Presidential Character

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Expectation that knowing about presidential personalities will help explain or predict presidential behavior

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BARBER TYPOLOGY (for presidential character)

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*based on energy level and orientation toward life; provides four types of presidents

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Presidential Style

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image projected by the president that represents how he would like to be perceived at home and abroad

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Impeachment

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FILL THIS OUT