Plant Structure, Growth, And Development

Front 1

Tissue

Back 1

Group of cells with a common function, structure, or both

Front 2

Organ

Back 2

Several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions

Front 3

Shoot System

Back 3

Stems and Leaves

Front 4

Root System

Back 4

Roots

Front 5

Root

Back 5

Multicellular organ that anchors a plant in soil, absorbs minerals and water, stores carbohydrates

Front 6

Taproot

Back 6

Main vertical root (develops from an embryonic root)

Front 7

Lateral roots

Back 7

Branch roots that split off the taproot

Front 8

Root hairs

Back 8

Increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals

Front 9

Stem

Back 9

Organ consisting of alternate nodes (where leaves attach) and internodes (segments between nodes)

Front 10

Axillary bud

Back 10

Structure that can form a lateral shoot (aka branch)

Front 11

Apical bud

Back 11

Elongation of a young shoot concentrated at the shoot tip

Front 12

Apical Dominance

Back 12

Inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud

Front 13

Leaf

Back 13

Main photosynthetic organ.
Consists of a blade and stalk (petiole).

Front 14

Veins

Back 14

Vascular tissue of leaves

Front 15

Simple Leaf

Back 15

Single, undivided blade

Front 16

Compound Leaf

Back 16

Blade consists of multiple leaflets

Front 17

Doubly Compound Leaf

Back 17

Each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets

Front 18

Prop Roots

Back 18

Provide stability for top-heavy plants

Front 19

Storage roots

Back 19

Stores for fruiting/flowering

Front 20

"Strangling" aeiral roots

Back 20

Kills tree that it initially used to provide nutrients

Front 21

Buttress roots

Back 21

Additional support

Front 22

Pneumatophores (aka "air roots")

Back 22

Project above water's surface to obtain oxygen

Front 23

Tissue System

Back 23

A functional unit connecting all of the plant's organs. Plants have dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.

Front 24

Dermal Tissue System

Back 24

Plant's outer protective covering

Front 25

Epidermis

Back 25

A layer of tightly packed cells in a nonwoody plant. Dermal tissue.

Front 26

Cuticle

Back 26

Waxy coating on the epidermal surface. Prevents water loss.

Front 27

Periderm

Back 27

Replaces the epidermis in woody plants

Front 28

Vascular Tissue System

Back 28

Carries out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot system. Xylem and Phloem.

Front 29

Xylem

Back 29

Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. 1 way.

Front 30

Phloem

Back 30

Transports sugars to roots and growth sites. From where they are made to where they are needed. 2 way.

Front 31

Stele

Back 31

Collective term for the vascular tissue of a root or stem

Front 32

Ground Tissue System

Back 32

Tissues that are neither dermal or vascular. Includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis and transport.

Front 33

Parenchyma Cells

Back 33

Thin and flexible.
Lack secondary walls.
Home of metabolic functions (sythesizing and storing).
Alive.

Front 34

Collenchyma Cells

Back 34

Unevenly thick primary walls.
Provide flexible support for young parts of plant.
Don't restrain growth.
Alive.

Front 35

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 35

Thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin.
Provide support.
Two types:
Sclereids-short, irregular, thick
Fibers-long, slender tapered
Dead.

Front 36

Water-Conducting Cells of the Xylem

Back 36

Conduit through which water can flow.
Two types:
Tracheids-long, thin, tapered
Vessel elements-wide, short, thin, less tapered.
Dead.

Front 37

Sugar-Conducting Cells of the Phloem

Back 37

Transport sugars and organic nutrients.
Sieve tubes.
Alive.

Front 38

Indeterminate Growth

Back 38

Growth occur's throughout the plants life

Front 39

Determinate Growth

Back 39

Stop growing after reaching a certain size.

Front 40

Apical Meristems

Back 40

Provide additional cells that enable the plant to grow in length

Front 41

Primary Growth

Back 41

Growth in length. Allows roots to extend throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light.

Front 42

Secondary Growth

Back 42

Growth in thickness (width)

Front 43

Lateral Meristems

Back 43

Vascular cambium and cork cambium. Extend along length of roots and stems. Cause secondary growth.

Front 44

Vascular Cambium

Back 44

Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.

Front 45

Cork Cambium

Back 45

Replaces epidermis with the thicker, tougher periderm.

Front 46

Primary Plant Body

Back 46

Results of primary growth

Front 47

Root cap

Back 47

Covers and protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through soil during primary growth

Front 48

Zone of Cell Division

Back 48

Where new root cells are produced, includes root cap

Front 49

Zone of Elongation

Back 49

Where root cells elongate
*Growth-expansion that takes place in this region

Front 50

Zone of Maturation (differentiation)

Back 50

Where cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cell types

Front 51

Eudicot

Back 51

Two cotyledon (seed leaves).
Netlike veins.
Vascular tissue arranged in a ring.
Taproot system.

Front 52

Monocot

Back 52

One cotyledon (seed leaf).
Parallel veins.
Scattered vascular tissue.
Fibrous root system (no main root).

Front 53

Endodermis

Back 53

Innermost layer of the cortex. Forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder.

Front 54

Pericycle

Back 54

Outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.

Front 55

Leaf primordia

Back 55

Develops leaves. Finger-like projections along the meristem.

Front 56

Stomata

Back 56

Allow gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf

Front 57

Guard Cells

Back 57

Two cells flanking the stomata that regulate opening and closing of the pore

Front 58

Mesophyll

Back 58

Ground tissue of a leaf

Front 59

Secondary Plant Body

Back 59

Tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium

Front 60

Morphogensis

Back 60

Body form and organization

Front 61

Bark

Back 61

All tissues external to the vascular cambium. Secondary phloem and layers of periderm.

Front 62

Pattern Formation

Back 62

Development of specific structures in specific locations

Front 63

Positional Information

Back 63

Signals that continuously indicate to each cell its location within a developing structure

Front 64

Polarity

Back 64

The condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism

Front 65

Microfibrils

Back 65

Control direction of expansion

Front 66

Homeotic Genes

Back 66

Master regulatory genes that mediate many of the major events in an individual's development

Front 67

Gene Expression

Back 67

The regulation of transcription and translation

Front 68

Phase Changes

Back 68

The morphological changes that arise from transitions in shoot apical meristem activity

Front 69

Meristem Identity Genes

Back 69

Protein products of these genes are transcription factors that regulate genes required for the conversion of the indeterminate vegetative meristems to determinate floral meristems

Front 70

Organ Identity Genes

Back 70

Regulate development of characteristic floral pattern (whorls)

Front 71

ABC Model

Back 71

Identifies how these three classes of genes direct the formation of floral organs