Plant Propagation

Front 1

Define: Phenotype

Back 1

Physical appearance of the organism; controlled by "genotype" and the environment

Front 2

Define: Genotype

Back 2

genetic information contained in every cell (DNA)

Front 3

Define: Allele

Back 3

One pair of genes at the identical locations, on homologous chromosomes; an allele can be dominant or recessive or have incomplete dominance

Front 4

Define: Heterozygous / Homozygous

Back 4

Both of the alleles of a gene are different (hetero)

Both of the alleles are the same (homo)

Front 5

Define: Cultivar

Back 5

A cultivated variety (may be a hybrid)

a horticultural race or strain of plant that has originated and persisted under cultivation

Front 6

Variety ( breeding)

Back 6

plants within a species that show natural morphological differences (only those propagated from seed)

Front 7

Hybrid

Back 7

the offspring of a successful mating between plants belonging to different taxa usually within the same species

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Self Pollination

Back 8

produces parent lines

reduces genetic diversity of the offspring, which can reduce evolutionary survival

homozygous parental line

6-10 generations to produce a line

Front 9

breeding (3)

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1. Hand pollination

2. Wind Pollination (flower is bagged, and pollen blown in)

3. male sterility (sterile plants, insect naturally crosses)

Front 10

Leaves of embryo?

Back 10

cotyledons

Front 11

embryonic root?

Back 11

radicle

Front 12

stem below the cotyledon?

Back 12

hypocotyl

Front 13

stem above cotyledons is the

Back 13

epicotyl

Front 14

What is the growing region ?

(base of cotyledon, and behind root tip)

Back 14

Meristem

Front 15

Collecting Fruit:

PODS / CAPSULES

Back 15

collect when colour changes from green to brown

store under sheets of newsprint or in paper bags from the ceiling

Front 16

Collecting Fruit:

BERRIES

Back 16

collect when colour changes to ripe

Front 17

Collecting fruit:

NUTS

Back 17

Gather in the fall or shake tree

remove outer casing, sow at once

cannot be stored

Front 18

Collecting fruit:

CATKINS

Back 18

pick when green, late spring, ripen in a paper bag and sow immediate

Front 19

Cleaning seeds:

PODS / CAPSULES

Back 19

remove dust

chaff by passing seed through a screen or several screens

Front 20

Cleaning seeds:

BERRIES

Back 20

Macerate with a food processor or mash inside a cloth

float off pulp, seeds sink

Front 21

Cleaning seeds:

SAMARAS

Back 21

rub off wings before stratification

the fruit walls must be composted off via a warm stratification

Front 22

Cleaning Seeds:

CONES

Back 22

heat to dry and open. tumble to remove the seed

Front 23

Seed Storage:

<1 year

2/3 - 15 years

15/20 - 75/100 years

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short lived = tropicals and aquatics

Medium = veges, flowers, conifers, fruit trees, grains

Long = hard seed coats, impervious to water. may have long dormancy

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Improving Medium lived seeds

Back 24

reduce temperature

reduce humidity (20-25% RH) (SMC 4-6%)

reduce light (store in the dark)

Front 25

Seed Coat Dormancy

Back 25

Occurs when the endocarp, seed coat , or part of pericarp is impervious to water

Front 26

Define: Dormancy

Back 26

a temporary suspension of visible growth of any plant structure containing a meristem as a result of physiological and environmental factors

or

no germination takes place even though the seed is in a favourable environment

Front 27

Define: Quiescence

Back 27

inactivity in seeds

Front 28

Overcome dormancy (SC)

Back 28

hot water

chipping seeds

Front 29

Chemical dormancy

Back 29

Chemical inhibitors in the seed coat or the fleshy fruit coverings can prevent germination

can be leaches out, soak the seed with hot water for 48 hours

Front 30

Internal embryo dormancies

Back 30

embryo is either immature or chemically inhibited from germination, even when exposed to water and proper temp.

Front 31

Stratification

Back 31

mimics outdoor weather (summer or winter)

seed must be soaked for up to 48 hours then dried

Front 32

shallow dormancy

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short period of ripening

cold, moist

conifers

Front 33

intermediate dormancy

Back 33

stratification time is shorter, increase the moist-chill

Front 34

deep-seated physiological dormancy

Back 34

long period = moist and cold

(3-7*, 4-8 weeks)

Front 35

Embryo immaturity

Back 35

Warm temp and moist conditions are required

(20°, up to 60 days)

Front 36

Double Dormancy

Back 36

Combination of two + dormancies

Front 37

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Back 37

embryo development, germination hormone (inhibitor)

Front 38

Cytokinins

Back 38

offsets inhibitors (like AbA) allows other hormones to promote germination

Front 39

Gibberellin (GA)

Back 39

initiates enzyme induction

activation of reserve food mobilizing systems

(relieves dormancy)

Front 40

Ethylene

Back 40

active as a gas

when applied artificially, germination is promoted, limited in natural germination

Front 41

Germination temperatures

COOL TEMP TOLERANT

Back 41

temperate species

optimum from 24° - 30°

Front 42

Germination temperatures

COOL TEMP REQUIRING

Back 42

winter annuals

temperatures must be below 25°

Front 43

Germination temperatures

Warm temp requiring

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Tropical or sub-tropical

will not germinate below 10-15°

Front 44

Germination temperatures

alternating temperatures

Back 44

a difference of 10° between day and night

Front 45

Define: CLONING

Back 45

vegetative propagation which reproduces progeny identical in genotype to the single source plant

Front 46

CLONE

Back 46

resulting population of plants; usually genetically identical

Front 47

Stock Plant

Back 47

parent plant, or mother, from which cuttings or propagates are harvested

Front 48

Why clone?

Back 48

Genotypes, uniformity, reliable propagation, shorted time to flower, combining +1 genotype, vigour

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Mutation

Back 49

can cause a growing point or lateral bud to change noticeably

Front 50

sport

Back 50

chance mutation; natural

can be done artificially by chemical or radiation

Front 51

Transgenic plants

Back 51

biotechnology techniques used to change a characteristic, GMO

Front 52

Chimera

Back 52

mutant cells within a growing point of a stem, single cell mutation

two different colours, or irregular pattern

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Variable gene expression

Back 53

specific patterns as a regular variation, stable

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COPF

Back 54

Canadian ornamental plant foundation

breeders registry

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C-15

Back 55

plant breeder's rights, royalties

Front 56

Qualifications for cultivar?

Back 56

Distinct

Uniform

Stable

Front 57

Scion

Back 57

Short piece of detached shoot containing several dormant buds

will become the shoot portion of the plant

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Budding

Back 58

form of grafting where the scion is reduced in size to contain only one bud

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interstock

Back 59

a piece of stem inserted between scion and root stock

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callus

Back 60

mass of parenchyma cells that develop to from and around wounded plant tissue at the graft union.

Front 61

why graft?

Back 61

clones that cannot be maintained another way

obtaining benefits (vigor)

changing cultivars of established plants

hastening reproduction

special forms of a tree (weeping, standard)

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Basic needs for successful graft

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1. vascular cambium, must be lined up

2. temperature should be 15°-32° (ideally 20°-25°) with 100% humidity

Front 63

symptoms of graft failure

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1. at the graft union

2. yellowing foliage

3. death in a year or two

4. overgrowth

5. excessive suckerin

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Causes for graft failure

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1. overactive rootstock, sap flow too high

2. insects or disease

3. poor cambium matching

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Bench Grafting

Back 65

graft performed in a pot, inside a greenhouse

anytime

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Field grafting

Back 66

graft performed in the field. scion must have fully formed dormant buds and the rootstock must be starting to grow

MARCH-APRIL

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Budding

Back 67

Graft, performed summer only

buds must be current season wood, dormant, and fully formed

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T-budding

Back 68

Graft:

performed from mid July - late august

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Chip Budding

Back 69

Same as t-budding, can be done mid july - into september.

Front 70

Whip and Tongue

Back 70

(joining slits) plant should be 3-4 years