Planet Earth Exam 2

Front 1

Mineral-
A _____, naturally occurring solid,
formed by _____ processes, that has a
____ structure and a definable ____
composition and generally, inorganic

Back 1

homogeneous
geologic
crystalline
chemical

Front 2

A mineral is naturally occurring and ____. It also must be a single ___ phase
that does not conform to
shape of container.

Back 2

inorganic
solid

Front 3

____ ____ -an
internal structural framework of
atoms (or ions) arranged in a
regular geometric pattern.
E.g. glass not a mineral as it is
amorphous

Back 3

Crystalline substance

Front 4

A mineral has a A ___ ___ of elements - mineral is a chemical
compound with a specific chemical formula.

Back 4

fixed ratio

Front 5

_____ - minerals with SAME
chemical composition BUT DIFFERENT
atomic arrangements due to formed
under different physical conditions. Example: Graphite and Diamonds: both ___ but different minerals

Back 5

Polymorph

Front 6

The ___ minerals, a group containing silicon and oxygen atoms, are the most abundant minerals and are the major component of nearly every kind of rock.

Back 6

silicate

Front 7

Regardless of composition, all silicates have the same basic building unit, the silica _____ - This consists of a silicon atom bound covalently to four oxygen atoms. It forms _ _ % of the earth's crust. The oxygen atoms occupy the corners of a geometrical shape called a tetrahedron. The silicon atom is at its center. The entire unit bears a ____ electrical charge, enabling it to form compounds with cations.

Back 7

tetrahedron
95%
negative
SiO44-

Front 8

A few minerals, called ___elements, contain only one element. ex. gold, silver, and copper. A mineral's ____ is defined as its ability to scratch another mineral. ___ refers to the color of the powder produced when one mineral is scratched by another, harder mineral. ___ refers to a mineral's appearance when light reflects off its surface. Some minerals, when struck with force, will cleanly break parallel to planes of weakness in their atomic structure. This breakage is called ____.

Back 8

native
hardness
Streak
Luster
cleavage

Front 9

___ is a volcanic rock that forms inside the earth from slowly cooling magma, and as such it has bigger crystals (grain size). It is what is called ___/___, which means it formed under the earth's surface. ___ is the same thing but is called ___/___, which means it came to the surface of the earth through a volcano or oceanic ridge. It cools much quicker so it's crystals have less time to form so it has a ___ grain size.

Back 9

Gabbro
intrusive/plutonic
Basalt
extrusive/volcanic
smaller

Front 10

The amount of ___ that the magma cools controls the ending grain size of the igneous rock. Although they have the same chemistry, a ___ grained rock has cooled fast, while a ____ grained rock has cooled slowly

Back 10

TIME
fine
course

Front 11

A ___ is an intrusive igneous rock body that crystallized from a magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth. Plutons include batholiths, dikes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and other igneous bodies.

Back 11

Pluton

Front 12

___ ___is the lava structure typically formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or subglacial volcano or a lava flow enters the ocean. However, pillow lava can also form when lava is erupted beneath thick glacial ice. The ___ lava gains a solid crust on contact with the water, and this crust cracks and oozes additional large blobs or "pillows" as more lava emerges from the advancing flow

Back 12

Pillow lava
viscous

Front 13

___ ___ ___ - Series of chemical reactions that take place in silicate magmas as they cool. Important experiments that help us understand the evolution of magmas. It Tells the ___ (T+P) that formed the igneous rock.
Suggests the possible original melt ___ that crystallized the rock. Allows us to model initial possible conditions and predict outcomes

Back 13

Bowen’s reaction series
conditions
chemistry

Front 14

____ is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear ___or extensional ____. In everyday terms (and for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while vegetable oil is "thick" having a higher viscosity. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid ____.

Back 14

Viscosity
stress, stress
friction

Front 15

EX: High-viscosity magma will create a tall, steep ______, because it cannot flow far before it cools, while low-viscosity lava will create a wide, shallow-sloped ___ ___.

Back 15

stratovolcano
shield volcano.

Front 16

___ ___ are the largest volcanoes on Earth that actually look like volcanoes, and are the result of high magma___ ___; the lava is hot and little-changed since the time it was generated.

Back 16

Shield volcanoes
supply rates

Front 17

__ ___ ( or ___) comprise the largest percentage (~60%) of the Earth's individual volcanoes and most are characterized by eruptions of andesite and dacite - lavas that are cooler and more ___ than basalt.

Back 17

Strato Volcanoes (or composite)
viscous

Front 18

___ ___ are the simplest kind of volcanoes. Cinder cone volcanoes have a__-__ ___ and barely ever rise over one thousand feet. When cinder cone volcanoes erupt lava blows furiously into the air and breaks up into small pieces called cinders.

Back 18

Cinder cones
bowl shaped crater

Front 19

A ___ is a type of mudflow or landslide composed of pyroclastic material and water that flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. Lahars have the consistency of ___: fluid when moving, then solid when stopped.

Back 19

lahar
concrete

Front 20

__ is basaltic lava characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker. ____ is basaltic lava that has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid lava under a congealing surface crust.

Back 20

ʻAʻā
Pāhoehoe

Front 21

A ___ ___ or trap basalt is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.

Back 21

flood basalt

Front 22

Volcanic hazards: The volcanic ___ itself, a ___, the lava ___, a ____ (mixture of water and pyroclastic material),

Back 22

eruption
blowdown
flow
lahar

Front 23

_____ occur in the upper crust as a veneer
covering older igneous + metamorphic
rocks
• cover ~_ _% of Earth’s surface, but
constitute < 1% of its total volume
• can be as much as 20km thick beneath
continental shelves
• accumulate in ___ - provide historical
record of ancient events + environments

Back 23

sedimentary rocks
80%
layers

Front 24

____ is the break-up and decomposition (physical
& chemical alteration) of rock at or near Earth's
surface. ____ is incorporation and downhill transport of
sediments by mobile agents such as gravity, water,
wind, & ice.

Back 24

weathering
erosion

Front 25

Principal agent of chemical
weathering is ___. Examples: Dissolution
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Hydration

Back 25

water

Front 26

___- sediment that can
support growth of plant
life. ___ soil is found in temperate
regions with mod. rainfalls and contains soluble minerals. ___ are found in arid/desert conditions where there is low rainfall. ___ is found in tropical conditions with high rainfall.

Back 26

Soil
pedalfer
pedocal
laterite

Front 27

____ sedimentary rocks- also called detrital - mineral or rock fragments of various sizes
cemented together.

Back 27

Clastic

Front 28

_____ sedimentary rocks - rocks contain materials generated by living organisms, and include carbonate minerals created by organisms, such as corals, mollusks, and foraminifera, which cover the ocean floor with layers of calcite which can later form limestone.

Back 28

Organic

Front 29

____ sedimentary rocks form when minerals in solution become oversaturated and precipitate. In marine environments, this is a method for the formation of limestone

Back 29

biochemical

Front 30

_____ ____- Surface features formed on or in sedimentary
layers during deposition, or soon thereafter, by
arrangement of grains in beds.

Back 30

Sedimentary Structures

Front 31

In geology, ___ are a body of rock with specified characteristics ideally, a distinctive rock unit that forms under certain conditions of sedimentation, reflecting a particular process or environment.

Back 31

facies

Front 32

____ ____ - conditions in which a sediment was deposited
affects sedimentary type & structure
Rocks provide clues

Back 32

Sedimentary enviornment

Front 33

_____ is the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock.

Back 33

Lithification

Front 34

___ is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clay minerals or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae[1] breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane

Back 34

Shale

Front 35

A ____ is a rock consisting of individual stones that have become cemented together. Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from ____ - a rock composed of angular fragments of minerals or rocks in a matrix (cementing material), that may be similar or different in composition to the fragments. A breccia may have a variety of different origins

Back 35

conglomerate
breccias

Front 36

____ refers to the range of grain sizes within a sediment/rock:
Well-sorted vs. Poorly-sorted.
____ - The degree of abrasion of a clastic particle as shown by the sharpness of its edges and corners,

Back 36

sorting
roundness

Front 37

Marine ____ is a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event, marine ____, occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously exposed land.

Back 37

regression
transgression

Front 38

____ is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. ____ is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate: CaCO3). The deposition of limestone strata is often a by-product and indicator of biological activity in the geologic record.

Back 38

Sandstone
Limestone

Front 39

___ (Contact) metamorphism is caused by INTRUSION: occurs typically around intrusive igneous rocks as a result of the temperature increase caused by the intrusion of magma into cooler country rock. ____ metamorphism is caused by DIFFERENTIAL STRESS covers large areas of continental crust typically associated with mountain ranges, particularly subduction zones or the roots of previously eroded mountains. ____ metamorphism is associated with major fault planes. Metamorphism is localised adjacent to the fault plane and is caused by frictional heat generated by the fault movement.

Back 39

thermal
regional
Dynamic

Front 40

__-___ ___ - unique retrograde
metamorphism of oceanic basalt by adding water

Back 40

Mid-Ocean Ridge

Front 41

____ refers to the precursor lithology of a metamorphic rock.

For example, the protolith of a slate is a shale or mudstone. Metamorphic rocks can be derived from any other rock and thus have a wide variety of protoliths

Back 41

Protolith

Front 42

____ is common to rocks affected by regional metamorphic compression typical of orogenic belts. Rocks exhibiting foliation include the typical metamorphic rock sequence of slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss.

Back 42

Foliation

Front 43

The ___ ___ is a fundamental concept in geology that describes the dynamic transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.

Back 43

rock cycle