Pigments, Minerals, Artifacts

Front 1

This pigment is bifringent in tissue and therefore can be polarized.

Back 1

Formalin. A dark crystalline substance that can be polarized. What

Front 2

What solution can be use to remove hemosiderin from tissue.

Back 2

10% sulfuric acid

Front 3

What is hemosiderin made up of.

Back 3

Hemosiderin is composed of Ferric iron and protein, a breakdown product of hemoglobin.

Front 4

Which organ is small amount of ferric iron found?

Back 4

Spleen. Various pathological conditions will cause it to accumulate in other organs.

Front 5

Which acid is used in Prussian blue reaction.

Back 5

Dilute hydrochloric acid.

Front 6

How is the pigment Turnbull's blue formed. A reaction between what compounds

Back 6

Turnbell's blue is formed following a reaction between ferric iron and potassium ferricyanide.

Front 7

Which method will stain hemoglobin emerald green.

Back 7

Dunn-Thompson method used hematoxylin and a van Gieson solution to color hemoglobin green.

Front 8

What is Stein's and Hall's technique used for.

Back 8

Stein's and Hall's techniques are used to convert bile pigment to biliverdin, which is a green pigment that is produced following oxidation of bile pigment with iodine in Stein's solution and Foucher's reagent in Halls technique.

Front 9

What is used to bleach excessive melanin pigments.

Back 9

Oxidizing agents such as Potassium permanganate, or para-acetic acid. Also note hydrogen peroxide can bleach melanin but not as fast as potassium permanganate.

Front 10

What is the recommended fixative for demonstrating hemoglobin with the Dunn-Thompson stain.

Back 10

NBF

Front 11

Name 2 argentaffin procedures

Back 11

Fontana-Masson and Gomori-Burtner.

Front 12

GMS is widely known to demonstrate fungi. What other tissue component can it demonstrate (although not traditionally used for this purpose).

Back 12

Melanin. GMS will stain melanin black.

Front 13

What are tumors of the adrenal medulla called? What fixative should they be fixed in.

Back 13

Tumors of the adrenal medulla are called pheochromocytomas and they should be fixed in Orths fluid or any fixative that contains potassium dichromate.

Front 14

What does the Schmorl's method stain for? What are this methods components.

Back 14

Schmorl's a method for reducing substance and it contains ferric chloride and potassium ferricyanide. Chromaffin, lipofuchsin, and melanin can be demostrated by Schmorl's.

Front 15

Schmorl's method for reducing substances will stain chromaffin, lipofuchsin, and melanin what color?

Back 15

Blue

Front 16

In Hall's method, Foucher's reagent is used to demonstrate what cell component.

Back 16

Bile. Foucher's reagent converts bile pigment to green biliverdin.

Front 17

What does ailizarin red stains for. Tissue sections are deparaffinizing and taken to which reagent?

Back 17

95% alcohol. Water or weak acid/alcohols will result in loss of calcium.

Front 18

What is the technique that demonstrate calcium that involves sections immersed in silver nitrate followed by exposure to light.

Back 18

Von Kossa, which involves replacement of th anionic part of calcium salts with silver.

Front 19

Is calcium oxalate birefringent?

Back 19

Yes

Front 20

Which staining method is considered the most effective for copper

Back 20

Lindquest's rhodanine.

Front 21

Fixative of choice for demonstrating urate crystal.

Back 21

Absolute alcohol.

Front 22

Which hematoxylin is used as counterstain in thr rhodanine copper procedure.

Back 22

Mayer or Lillie Mayer. Care must be taken not to over counterstain or else it will "mask" the red stained copper.

Front 23

Which exogenous pigment is insoluble in concentrated sulfuric acid.

Back 23

Carbon. It is insoluble in concentrated sulfuric acid and all other acid and alkaline solutions

Front 24

A pigment that is seen in small capillaries of the heart, brain, placenta, and other organs in plasmodium parasites, which is closely related to formalin pigment is likely what?

Back 24

Malarial pigment, which is similar to formalin pigment.

Front 25

Which stain can demonstrate hemosiderin.

Back 25

Prussian blue. Some consider this stain optimal pH is 1.5, which can be obtained by using equal parts 4% hydrochloric acid and 2% ferrocyanide when preparing the staining solution.

Front 26

The Ralph and Lepehne methods of demonstrating hemoglobin are based on the presence of what substance in red cells.

Back 26

Peroxidase. The Ralph and Lepehne methods are based on the reaction of peroxidase in hemoglobin with hydrogen peroxide, followed by oxidation of benzidine to colored end product.

Front 27

Okajimas stain is based on the affinity of hemoglobin for which dye.

Back 27

Alizarin red S, which is the primary dye in Okajima's stain.

Front 28

What is another name for argentaffin cells.

Back 28

Argentaffin cells are also known as Kulchitsky cells.

Front 29

A rapid bile identification technique than involves destruction of tissue tissue by acid is

Back 29

Gmelin's test for bile. A coverslip is placed over deparaffinized and hydrated section; nitric acid is allowed to penetrate into the tissue underneath the coverslip. Bile pigment is indicated by color changes from yellow to green to blue to purple-red. This method Is not reliable and should be repeated several times to confirm results.

Front 30

In Turnbull's blue procedure, melanin pigments reduce ferric ions to ferrous ions by which procedure.

Back 30

Melanin reduces ferric ions to ferrous ions present in Schmorl's solution to ferrous ions, which then combine with ferricyanide, resulting in Turnbull's blue.

Front 31

In Laidlaw's Dopa oxidase method, melanin is stained what color.

Back 31

Yellow-brown.

Front 32

A brown, iron-free pigment found with hemochromatosis, that stains with oil-soluble dyes in frozen section is:

Back 32

Hemofuchsin.

Front 33

What is lipofuchsin? What organs are they commonly found.

Back 33

Lipofuchsin are indigestible, lipid-containing remains of autophagic vacuoles formed during aging or atrophy. They are commonly seen in long-lived metabolically active, but not mitotically active cells like liver, heart, muscle, ganglion cells, and adrenals.

Front 34

Method of choice for demonstrating calcium oxalate.

Back 34

Pizzolato.

Front 35

Pseudo calcification can be caused by which calcium salt used in formalin.

Back 35

Calcium carbonate or calcium acetate.

Front 36

What is Wilson's disease? Which stain

Back 36

Wilson's disease is a slow accumulation of copper in the liver. The copper can be demonstrated by rubeanic acid stain.

Front 37

What do u call a tumor that is thought to be associated with asbestos exposure. These asbestos fibers can be demonstrated with which stain.

Back 37

Mesothelioma can be demonstrated with Prussian blue.

Front 38

Polarization of this material will produce a "Maltese cross".

Back 38

Talcum powder

Front 39

Which argyophil cells uses a pH 4.2 buffer.

Back 39

Churukian-Schenk method for argyrophil cells requires pH 4.2. Note the Grimelius method used pH 5.6

Front 40

Sodium or potassium rhodizonate is usually used to detect the presence of what element.

Back 40

Lead. Sodium or potassium rhodizonate stains lead dark brown.

Front 41

Gold can be demonstrated by treating tissue sections with what.

Back 41

Stannous chloride, by producing the purple of Cassius.

Front 42

A monoclonal antibody that has good specificity for amelanotic melanomas is what.

Back 42

HMB-45

Front 43

Presence of melanin precursor cells can be detected in unstained formalin-fixed section using:

1. Fluorescence microscopy

2. Light microscopy

3. Electron microscopy

4. Polarization microscopy

Back 43

Fluorescence microscopy as melanin precursor cells show yellow fluorescence following fixation in formalin.

Front 44

What can be used to digest a wet lung tissue to quantify the number of ferruginous bodies.

Back 44

Household bleach.

Front 45

Which metal has been reported to occur in Alzheimer's disease.

Back 45

Aluminum.

Front 46

Formalin used to show arsenic in tissue must contain which compound.

1. Copper acetate

2. Sodium acetate

3. Mercuric chloride

4. Potassium dichromate

Back 46

Copper acetate. Arsenic in tissues will react with copper acetate to form green cupric acetoarsenate.

Front 47

The disease dermatopathic lymphadenitis is shown by which stain.

Back 47

Dermatopathic lymphadenitis is an accumulation of melanin and lipid within phagocytic cells of the lymph nodes. The Luna or Fontana-Masson silver stain methods for melanin is helpful to confirm diagnosis.

Front 48

This pigment will stain black with Cresyl fast violet, brown with potassium dichromate, and fluoresce golden-brown under uv light.

Back 48

Ceroid, which occurs as yellow globules in liver cells but most often in large phagocytes of the liver.

Front 49

An ansiotrophic crystalline contaminant is seen in human lung. This artifact is most likely resulted from a salt of.

1. Lead

2. Calcium

3. Iron

4. Barium

Back 49

Barium. Salts of this type are used in solutions used in radiology are ansiotrophic and can be polarized.

Front 50

Zincon may be used to detect the presence of cobalt, magnesium, zinc, and what

Back 50

Copper.

Front 51

They dye used in Lison's method for hemoglobin is..

Back 51

Patent blue V

Front 52

Included in the hematogenous pigments are hemosiderin, hematoidin, bilirubin, malarial, hemofuchsin, and:

1. Lipofuchsin

2. Ceroid

3. Porphyrin

4. Melanin

Back 52

Porphyrin, which will fluoresce deep red to orange when exposed to uv light.

Front 53

This dye will stain hemoglobin casts dark blue to blue-black in Puchtler's method for hemoglobin.

Back 53

Buffalo black NBR , which is made up of tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-buffalo black NBR method.

Front 54

Which combined staining method will result in differential staining of hemoglobin and hemosiderin.

Back 54

Puchtler's method will stain hemoglobin red and hemosiderin dark blue or dark green.

Front 55

Pigments in this organ are considered the most difficult to differentiate on routine staining.

1. Lung

2. Liver

3. Spleen

4. Kidney

Back 55

Liver.

Front 56

One dye used in Malloy's method for hemofuchsin is

Back 56

Basic fuchsin.

Front 57

Melanin is insoluble in water, alcohol, dilute acids, alkalies, and what type of solvents.

Back 57

Melanins are resistant to far solvents such as acetone.

Front 58

The method of choice for demonstrating melanin-producing potential in cells is

Back 58

Dopa oxidase reaction will demonstrate the enzyme tyrosinase which is present in cells that are capable of producing melanin.