Physics Paper 1 Owen

Front 1

What are the five types of energy stores?

Back 1

Chemical energy stores.

Kinetic energy stores.

Gravitational potential energy stores.

Elastic potential energy stores.

Thermal energy stores.

Front 2

What is conservation of energy?

Back 2

The idea that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Front 3

What is a closed system?

Back 3

An object, or group of objects in which no energy transfers take place out of or into the the energy stores of the system.

Front 4

What is work done?

Back 4

Work done is the amount an object moves when it has a force applied to it.

Front 5

How do you calculate work done?

Back 5

Work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m)

Front 6

What is gravitational potential energy?

Back 6

Energy associated with an object based on its position in the earth's gravitational field.

Front 7

What happens to the energy in its gravitational potential store when an object moves upwards?

Back 7

It increases

Front 8

How do you calculate gravitational potential energy?

Back 8

Gravitational Potential Energy (J) = mass (kg) x gravity (9.8 N/kg) x height (m)

Front 9

What is kinetic energy?

Back 9

Energy that is stored in all moving objects.

Front 10

How do you calculate kinetic energy?

Back 10

Kinetic Energy (J) = 0.5 x mass (kg) x velocity^2 (m/s)

Front 11

What is elastic potential energy?

Back 11

Energy stored in an elastic object that has been stretched or squashed.

Front 12

What makes an object elastic?

Back 12

If it regains it's original shape after being stretched or squashed.

Front 13

How do you calculate elastic potential energy?

Back 13

Elastic potential energy (J) = spring constant (N/m) x extension^2 (m)

Front 14

What is useful energy?

Back 14

Energy transferred to where it's wanted, in the form that it's wanted.

Front 15

What is wasted energy?

Back 15

Energy that is not usefully transferred.

Front 16

What is energy dissipation?

Back 16

When energy spreads out and becomes harder to use for useful transfers.

Front 17

How is energy efficiency calculated?

Back 17

Efficiency = useful energy transferred by the device / total energy supplied to the device x 100

Front 18

How can machines waste energy?

Back 18

Friction between parts.

Air resistance.

Electrical resistance.

Front 19

How can machines be made more efficient?

Back 19

Lubrication to reduce friction.

Shapes are made more streamlined to reduce air resistance.

Copper wires are used to reduce electrical resistance.

Front 20

What is the power of an appliance?

Back 20

The rate at which it transfers energy.

Front 21

What is the unit for power

Back 21

The watt (W), equal to one joule per second (J/S)

Front 22

How do calculate power?

Back 22

Power (W) = energy transferred or work done (J) / time (s)

Front 23

What is a thermal conductor?

Back 23

A material which allows thermal energy to move through them easily.

Front 24

What is a thermal insulator?

Back 24

A material that does not allow thermal energy to move through it.

Front 25

What does the rate of thermal energy transfer depend on?

Back 25

The temperature difference across the material.

The thickness of the material.

The thermal conductivity of the material.

Front 26

What is infrared radiation?

Back 26

Infrares waves given off by an object.

Front 27

What affects he rate of inflated radiation given off?

Back 27

Temperature, the higher the temperature, the more infrared radiation it gives off.

Front 28

What is a perfect black body?

Back 28

An object that absorbs all the radiation that hits it and is the best possible emitter of of radiation.

Front 29

What is black body radiation?

Back 29

The radiation emitted by a perfect back body.

Front 30

What is the specific heat capacity of a substance?

Back 30

The amount energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of that substance by 1 degree.

Front 31

How do you calculate the specific heat capacity?

Back 31

Specific heat capacity (J/kg) = energy needed (J) / mass (kg) x change in temperature

Front 32

How can a house be insulated?

Back 32

Fibreglass loft insulation, cavity wall insulation, aluminium foil behind radiators, double glazing and thick bricks.

Front 33

What is a biofuel?

Back 33

Any fuel obtained from living or recently living organisms.

Front 34

Gives 2 advantages of using biofuel for energy.

Back 34

They are renewable

They are carbon neutral - the carbon taken in as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the living organism can balance the amount released when the biofuel is burnt.

Front 35

How do nuclear reactors produce energy?

Back 35

They contain lots of uranium nuclei which are unstable and split, releasing energy which heats water and causes a turbine to spin, creating energy.

Front 36

How does a wind turbine create energy?

Back 36

The wind passing over the turbine blades makes a turbine spin to create energy.

Front 37

How does a wave turbine create energy?

Back 37

The waves drive a floating turbine that turns a generator and creates energy.

Front 38

How is energy collected from a hydroelectric station?

Back 38

Water is collected and allowed to flow downhill, where it runs over turbines which spin to create energy.

Front 39

How do solar panels generate electricity?

Back 39

By absorbing electromagnetic waves from sunlight and transferring them straight into electrical energy.

Front 40

What is geothermal energy?

Back 40

Energy that comes from radioactive substances deep within the earth.

Front 41

Give 4 disadvantages of burning fossil fuels.

Back 41

Non renewable energy sources.

Oil and gas will run out in the next 50 years.

Release greenhouse gases when burnt.

Releases sulfur dioxide, causing acid rain.

Front 42

What is static electricity?

Back 42

When you rub two electrically insulating materials together, electrons are rubbed off one material and deposited on the other.

Front 43

What does a charged object create around itself?

Back 43

An electric field.

Front 44

How do you work out how size of a current?

Back 44

Current (Amps) = charge (C) / time (s)

Front 45

What does a diode do?

Back 45

It allows current through in only one direction.

Front 46

What does a resistor do?

Back 46

It limits the current in a circuit.

Front 47

How do you calculate potential difference?

Back 47

Potential difference (V) = energy transferred (J) / charge (C)

Front 48

What is the resistance in a circuit?

Back 48

The opposition to a current flow.

Front 49

How do you calculate resistance?

Back 49

Resistance (ohms) = potential difference (V) / current (A)

Front 50

What is a series circuit?

Back 50

A set of components connected one after another.

Front 51

What is a parallel circuit?

Back 51

A set of components connected across he supply.

Front 52

What is a direct current?

Back 52

A current that comes from batteries or cells and travels one way around the circuit.

Front 53

What is an alternating current?

Back 53

A current that frequently reverses direction as it travels round a circuit.

Front 54

What is the national grid?

Back 54

A system of systems, cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers.

Front 55

What is a step up transformer?

Back 55

An appliance used to increase the potential difference from the power station to the transmission cables.

Front 56

What is a step down transformer?

Back 56

An appliance used to decrease the potential difference to a lower value, fit for domestic use.

Front 57

In a plug, what colour is the earth wire and what does it do?

Back 57

It's green and yellow and connects to the earth pin which earth's any stray current.

Front 58

In a plug, what colour is the live wire and what does it do?

Back 58

It's brown and it's connected to the live pin and it's where the alternating current from the mains passes through.

Front 59

In a plug, what colour is the neutral wire and what does it do?

Back 59

It's blue and it carries the current away from the appliance.

Front 60

What are he pins of a plug usually made of?

Back 60

Brass

Front 61

What does a fuse do in a plug?

Back 61

It melts of the current gets too big, cutting off the current to the live wire.

Front 62

What is electrical power?

Back 62

The rate at which energy is transferred per second.

Front 63

How do you calculate electrical power?

Back 63

Power (W) = energy (J) / time (S) OR current (A) x potential difference (V)

Front 64

What is an electric current?

Back 64

A flow of charge.

Front 65

How do you calculate charge flow?

Back 65

Charge (C) = current (A) x time (S)

Front 66

How do you calculate energy transferred to a component?

Back 66

Energy (J) = potential difference (V) x charge (C)

Front 67

What is the density of a substance?

Back 67

It's mass per unit volume.

Front 68

How do you calculate density?

Back 68

Density (kg/m^3) = mass (kg) / volume (m^3)

Front 69

What are the three states of matter?

Back 69

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Front 70

True or false: changes of states are physical changes.

Back 70

True

Front 71

Describe the structure and movement of particles in a solid

Back 71

Particles vibrate about a fixed position so the solid has a fixed, regular shape.

Front 72

Describe the structure and movement of particles in a liquid

Back 72

He particles are in contact with each other but can move about randomly, hence, giving a liquid an unfixed shape.

Front 73

Describe the structure and movement of particles in a gas

Back 73

Gas particles have far more energy so are free to move wherever they want.

Front 74

What is latent heat?

Back 74

The energy transferred to or from a substance for it to change state without changing it's temperature.

Front 75

What is a substances internal energy?

Back 75

The total energy in the kinetic energy store and the potential energy store.

Front 76

What is the specific latent heat of fusion?

Back 76

The energy needed to change 1kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid with no temperature change.

Front 77

How do you calculate specific latent heat of fusion?

Back 77

Specific latent heat of fusion (J/kg) = energy (J) / mass (kg)

Front 78

What is specific latent heat of vaporisation?

Back 78

The energy needed to change 1kg if that substance from a vapour to a liquid with no change in temperature.

Front 79

What are the three types of radiation?

Back 79

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Front 80

What is radioactive decay?

Back 80

The process of emitting radiation to stabilise the nucleus of a radioactive substance.

Front 81

What is released in alpha radiation?

Back 81

An alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons.

Front 82

What is released in beta radiation?

Back 82

A beta particle which is a high speed electron from the nucleus.

Front 83

What is released in gamma radiation?

Back 83

Gamma rays are emitted, these are electromagnetic waves released from the nucleus.

Front 84

What is ionisation?

Back 84

When atoms become positively charged because they lose electrons.

Front 85

What is irradiation?

Back 85

The effect of an object being exposed to ionising radiation.

Front 86

What is radioactive contamination?

Back 86

The unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials.

Front 87

List the three types of radiation in order of how ionising they are.

Back 87

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Front 88

List the three types of radiation in order of how penetrating they are.

Back 88

Gamma

Beta

Alpha

Front 89

What is the activity of a radioactive source?

Back 89

The number of unstable atoms in the source that decay per second.

Front 90

What size the count rate used for?

Back 90

For measuring the radioactivity of a sample of radioactive material.

Front 91

What is the half life of a radioactive substance?

Back 91

A measure of how quickly half of the radioactive substance decreases.

Front 92

How do you calculate half life?

Back 92

Count rate after n half lives = initial count rate / 2^n

Number of unstable nuclei after next half lives = initial number of unstable nuclei / 2^n

Front 93

What is a radioactive tracer used to measure and how does it work?

Back 93

The flow of a through an organ. The patient has a radioactive isotope inside of them that emitts gamma radiation. The movement of the isotope is detected by a gamma detector outside he body.

Front 94

What can be used to destroy cancerous tumours?

Back 94

A narrow beam of gamma radiation.

Front 95

What are radioactive implants?

Back 95

Small seeds or rods that are placed into tumours, hey are gamma or beta emitting and can be used to form an image of the tumour.

Front 96

What is nuclear fission?

Back 96

The splitting of atomic nuclei into two smaller nuclei.

Front 97

How does nuclear fission occur?

Back 97

When high speed neutrons are fired at a nucleus, causing it to split and fire more neutrons at other nuclei, this causes a chain reaction. Each break of the nucleus causes energy to be released.

Front 98

In a nuclear reactor, what is the job of control rods?

Back 98

To absorb surplus neutrons.

Front 99

What is nuclear fusion?

Back 99

The process of forcing two nuclei close enough that they form a larger nucleus.

Front 100

Why can nuclear fusion not be done on earth yet?

Back 100

Because it needs a very high temperature and the right pressure. We can't get either of these on earth today.