Phys Exam 2

Front 1

What type of receptor responds at a constant rate as long as stimulus is applied (slow adapting to pain, body position chemical composition of blood)

Back 1

Tonic

Front 2

What type of receptor responds with a burst of activity but quickly reduces firing rate to constant stimulation (fast adaptation to pressure, touch, smell)

Back 2

Phasic

Front 3

what sensations include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive

Back 3

somatic

Front 4

what sensations include touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle

Back 4

tactile

Front 5

For a sensation to arise:

Back 5

1. sensory receptor must be stimulated

2. transduction of stimulus (GP)

3. generation of nerve impulses (threshold reached)

4. integration of sensory input (results in a conscious sensation/perception)

Front 6

What nerve ending is used to detect pressure, vibration, and some touch

Back 6

encapsulated

Front 7

sensory receptors for taste

for hearing

Back 7

gustatory receptor cells

hair cells

Front 8

What type of receptors for hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain

Back 8

exteroreceptors

Front 9

what receptor monitors the body's internal environment

Back 9

interoreceptors

Front 10

what receptors provide info about body position, muscle length and tension, and position and movement of joints

Back 10

proprioceptors

Front 11

Pain is mediated by

Back 11

nociceptors (uses glutamate and substance P [called "pain NT] as neurotransmitters)

Front 12

heat elicits pain thru

Back 12

capsaicin receptors

Front 13

The awareness of differences in theexternal or internal environment is defined as

Back 13

Sensation

Front 14

Which of the following somatic sensationshas an encapsulated nerve ending as its sensory receptor?

Back 14

Pressure

Front 15

____________: recognizing position of bodyparts. ____________: in muscles and tendonsd

Back 15

Proprioception; Proprioceptors

Front 16

The anatomical structure responsible formonitoring the change in length of a muscle is called

Back 16

Muscle spindle

Front 17

impulses from somatic receptors to the brain stem or spinal cord

Back 17

first order neurons

Front 18

impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus

Back 18

second order neurons

Front 19

impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side

Back 19

third order neurons

Front 20

what pathway receives impulses from the limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head

Back 20

posterior column-medial meniscus

Front 21

what pathway receives impulses for pain, temp, itch, tickle and posterior head

Back 21

anterolateral (spinothalamic)

Front 22

impulses for most somatic sensations- tactile, thermal/pain from facial area

Back 22

trigeminothalamic pathway

Front 23

how do somatic sensory impulses reach the cerebellum?

Back 23

via the spinocerebellar tracts

Front 24

Transverse tubule and 2 terminal cisterns •In relaxed muscle SR stores Ca++ •Release of Ca++ from terminal cisterns on SR triggers muscle contraction

Back 24

•Triad

Front 25

Muscle contraction occurs in the

Back 25

sarcomeres

Front 26

Myofibrilsare built from three groups of proteins

Back 26

Contractile proteins generate force during contractionActin and myosin

Regulatory proteins help switch the contraction process on and offTroponin and tropomyosinStructural proteins keep the thick and thin filaments in proper alignment and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrixDystrophin and titin

Front 27

The thin filaments are comprised mostlyof the contractile protein _____, and the thick filaments are comprised mostlyof the contractile protein _______

Back 27

actin; myosin

Front 28

iselastic protein attaching myosin to Z disc that contributes to elastic recoilof muscle

3rd most plentiful protein; it extends from the Z disc and accountsfor much of the elasticity of myofibrils

Back 28

titan

Front 29

arestructural proteins that anchor myosin during contraction

Back 29

m lines

Front 30

The contractile organelle of skeletalmuscle fibers is

Back 30

myofibril

Front 31

•linksthin filament to sarcolemma•Absentin muscular dystrophy patients due to X-linked genetic defect, sarcolemmatears easily during muscle contraction, causing muscle fibers to rupture anddie

Back 31

Dystrophin

Front 32

muscle fatigue is caused by

Back 32

Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SRAccumulation of extracellular K+Depletion of CP, oxygen, and nutrientsBuild up of lactic acid and ADPInsufficient release of ACh at NMJ Central fatigue in CNS rather than muscles

Front 33

theAP sweeps over the sarcolemma and Ca2+ionsare released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Back 33

latent period

Front 34

–tension is constant while muscle length changes ___________

musclecontracts but does not change length ____________

Back 34

isotonic;

Front 35

are small, appear dark red, are the least powerful type. They are very fatigue resistantUsed for endurance like running amarathon, or postural

*resist fatigue; contain large amounts of myoglobin

Back 35

slow oxidative fibers

Front 36

areintermediate in size,appear dark red, and are moderately resistant to fatigue. •Used for walking

Back 36

Fastoxidative-glycolytic fibers (FOG)

Front 37

arelarge, white, and powerful, rapid fatigue, rapid intense movementsIntense anaerobic activity of shortduration, upper limbs

Back 37

fast glycotic fibers

Front 38

Exocrine glandssecrete their products into _____

Endocrine glandssecrete ________

Back 38

ducts; hormones

Front 39

endocrine glands secrete their hormones directlyinto the _________ _______ that surrounds them.

Back 39

interstitial fluid

Front 40

occurs when a hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells Results in greater response in target cell- gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Back 40

priming effect

up regulation

Front 41

occurs after long exposure to highlevels of polypeptide hormone§Subsequentexposure to this hormone produces a lesser response- insulin and LH§Dueto decrease in # of receptors on targets§Mostpeptide hormones have pulsatile secretion which prevents downregulation

Back 41

Desensitization(downregulation

Front 42

Receptors may be ______________ in the presence of highconcentrations of hormone.

makes a target cell less sensitive to ahormone.

Back 42

down-regulated

Front 43

Receptors may be _______________ in the presence of low concentrations of hormone.

Back 43

up-regulated

Front 44

Hormones that don’t circulate are local hormones (_________). Those that act on the same cell that secretes them are _________.

Back 44

paracrines; autocrines

Front 45

(amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, eicosanoid hormones). _______ __________ ____________ circulate freely in the plasma.Act through 2nd messengers, effects are quick

are easy to transport in blood and bind to receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell.Hormone acts as 1st messenger which causes production of 2nd messenger.

Back 45

water soluble hormones

Front 46

______ ________ _________ circulate bound to transport proteins.Target is the nucleus, effect transcriptionCalled genomic action and takes at least 30 minutes

require a carrier protein for transport in blood and bind to receptors within target cells in the nucleus or cytoplasm.

Back 46

lipid soluble hormones

Front 47

what connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

Back 47

infundibulum

Front 48

what control the secretions of thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and corticotrophs.

Back 48

negative feedback loop

Front 49

what is the major mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland. It helps regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis.

Back 49

aldosterone

Front 50

_________ secreteepinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) both of which are involved in the fight-or-flightresponse

Back 50

chromaffin cells

Front 51

alpha A: ______

alpha B: ________

Back 51

glucagon; insulin

Front 52

High levels of circulating cortisol

Manifestations include hyper-glycemia, poor wound healing, osteoporosis, dermatitis, fat redistribution (spindly arms and legs, moon face, buffalo hump at the neck), and truncal obesity

Back 52

cushing syndrome

Front 53

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone, usually as a result of an autoimmune disorder, is called __________ __________ The physiologic effects include hypoglycemia, Na+ loss, low BP, dehydration, and muscle weaknessonly after his death did the world learn that President Kennedy suffered from

Back 53

addisons disease

Front 54

______ ______ is a strong sickle-shaped fold ofdura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure and separatesthe two cerebral hemispheres

Back 54

falx cerebri

Front 55

_______ __________ is a small triangular process that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres.

Back 55

falx cerebelli

Front 56

what carriesoxygen, glucose, and other important substances from the blood to nervoustissue cells; Changes in pH affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow, important in maintaining homeostatic controls for brain tissue.Serves as transport system for hormones secreted by hypothalamusIt also helps transport nutrients and wastes between blood and nervous tissues.

Back 56

CSF

Front 57

What makes CSF

Back 57

The ependymal cells of the choroid plexuses

Front 58

what part of brain Conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes

Back 58

midbrain

Front 59

helps regulate muscle tone, alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals, and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep. Inactivation of the ___ produces sleep- a state of partial consciousness from which an individual can be arousedIt also prevents sensory overload by filtering out insignificant information.

Back 59

RAS

Front 60

The __________ is composed of the:ThalamusHypothalamusEpithalamus

Back 60

DIENCHEPHALON

Front 61

is located superior to the midbrain and contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses (except smell) to the cerebral cortex

Back 61

THE THALMUS

Front 62

lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin and habenular nuclei which are involved in emotional responses to odors.

Back 62

the epithalamus

Front 63

contains the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex.

contains the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

Back 63

precentral gyrus; postcentral gyrus

Front 64

“emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in promoting a range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger.

Back 64

limbic system

Front 65

____ axonal transport conveys axoplasm in one direction only – from the cell body toward the axon terminals. ____ axonal transport moves materials in both directions.

Back 65

supplies new axoplasm (the cytoplasm in axons) to developing or regenerating axons and replenishes axoplasm in growing and mature axons.Fast axonal transport that occurs in an anterograde (forward) direction moves organelles and synaptic vesicles from the cell body to the axon terminals. Fast axonal transport that occurs in a retrograde (backward) direction moves membrane vesicles and other cellular materials from the axon terminals to the cell body to be degraded or recycled.