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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the major innovations of body morphology in fishes?
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-the development of the operculum
-continued specialisation of the mouth for feeding -the development of perctoral and PELVIC fins to support fins -the development of a swimbladder/lung -high efficieny of 02 intaketo allow for active lifestlyes |
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what is the concept of neutral bouyancy and how do fish achieve this?
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neutral bouyancy explains how fish maintain the same density as the water around them and so can sit in water without sinking. they can acieve this through the use of swim bladders and primitive lungs
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what are the characteristics of ray-finned fishes(cl actinopterygii)?
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-modern bony fishes
-have fins made from bones or cartilage -the tail is usually homocercal -skin has scales (mostly) and mucous glands |
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what are the characteristics of lobe finned fishes (cl sacropterygii)?
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-diphycercal tail
-thick, strong pelvic and pectoral fins -closest living relative to tetrapods -have lungs and gills -have external scales |
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what is the largest and most diverse taxon?
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bony fishes (actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii)
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how was the operculum created? i.e - from what structures was it modified into?
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the operculum was made from the bony plates attached to the first gill arch
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what purpose does the swimbladder serve?
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it is used to help maintain bouyancy.
as they go deeper into water, pressure becomes greater and they sink faster. |
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what are they two methods for adjusting gas volumes in swmi bladder?
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-the pneumatic duct connects the swimbladder to the oesophogus and fish take gulps of air. restricts fish to shallow waters. generally used by more primative fish
-gas control. blood circulated into rete (capilliaries before swim bladder). the release of lactic acid causes o2 to be released into the rete system (bohr's effect). when o2 pressure in rete exceeds that of swim bladder, o2 is diffused over. the ovalue reduces the amount of gas in swim bladder by opening onto a highly vascularised area which pulls o2 from swim bladder back into vessels |
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what are the types of fin on a fish and what are their functions?
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the pectoral and pelvic fins used for propolsion
ventral (anal) and dorsal fins used for stability and the caudal fin is used for lift and thrust. |
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what are the different types of scales and what types of fish do they belong to?
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ganoid scales (heavy, armour-like) - early ray-finned fishes
ctenoid and cycloid scales (light, thin and flexible) - modern ray-finned fishes |
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which fish scale is thought to reduce drag?
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the ctenoid scale of the modern ray-finned fishes
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what is the homocercal tail and which class of fish has this?
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the homocercal tail is even lobed (top and bottom) and it belongs to cl actinptergyii (modern fishes)
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what are the characteristics of the fish class actinpterygii?
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-homocercal tail
-bony or cartilaginous skeleton -vertebrate -skin with scales and mucous glands |
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the subclass chondrostei (cl actinpterygii) - what is it and what are it's characteristics?
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paddle fish and sawfish (primitive fishes)
-ganoid scales -2 chambered heart -partially seperated venos and arterial systems -good eyesight -brain (cerebellum) controls motor coordination |
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describe the reproduction of fishes
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-diecious
-vivporous or oviporous -larval forms |
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why is swimming the most efficient form of locomotion/
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supported by wanter so don't need to overcome the force of gravity
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describe features present in the locomotion of fishes
ie. - muscle contractions, direction of tendons, pectoral, caudal and median fins, |
-alternate contractions on either side of body that pass from anterior to posterier
-tendons run down to caudal peduncle -pectoral (manuverability) and median (stability) and caudal (thrust) |
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what is a diphycercal tail and what class does it belong to?
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pointed arrow shaped tail and belongs to the class sarcopterygii fishes
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