Pharm Midterm

Front 1

what is an idiosyncratic effect?

Back 1

an unexplained, uncharacteristic response to a drug; caused by hereditary factors or genetic differences - not dose related

Front 2

what is an adverse effect?

Back 2

undesirable side effects that develop because drugs are not totally selective in their actions, usually dose related

Front 3

what is an adverse drug reaction?

Back 3

a drug effect that is noxious and unintended when taking the correct dose

Front 4

what is a teratogenic reaction?

Back 4

the drug induced damage that occurs in a fetus

Front 5

what is the chemical name of a drug?

Back 5

refers to the chemical makeup of the drug and defines the unique chemical structure

Front 6

what is the generic name of a drug?

Back 6

contains the same therapeutic chemicals as brand names, always lower cost, must be bioequivalent, delivers same amount of active ingredients and has similar biostability

Front 7

what is the trade name of a drug?

Back 7

"proprietary"; registered trademark to a particular drug manufacturer, always capitalized, short and easy to remember

Front 8

what is bioequivalence?

Back 8

a pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative that does not show differences in the rate and extend of absorption; the two drugs are essentially the same

Front 9

what does aa mean?

Back 9

of each

Front 10

what does ac and pc mean?

Back 10

before meals

after meals

Front 11

what does hs mean?

Back 11

at bed time

Front 12

what does IM mean?

Back 12

intramuscular

Front 13

what does po mean?

Back 13

by mouth

Front 14

what does prn mean?

Back 14

as needed

Front 15

what does q mean? qd?

Back 15

every

once a day

Front 16

what does sl mean?

Back 16

sublingual

Front 17

what are the different routes of administration?

Back 17

enteral - through GI tract

parentarel - outside intestines

topical - anything subg and transdermal

Front 18

what is pharmacokinetics?

Back 18

the study of drug movement throughout the body, including how a drug gets to the site of action and how the body handles medications

Front 19

what is pharmacodynamics?

Back 19

the actions of a drug on a specific target organ

Front 20

what is pharmacotherapeutics?

Back 20

the part of science dealing with the use of drugs in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease

Front 21

what is pharmacogenetics?

Back 21

the merging of pharmacology and genetics, including the genetic factors that influence an organisms response to a drug

Front 22

what is toxicology?

Back 22

the study of poisons, pollutants and the undesirable effect of drugs on living cells

Front 23

what is posology? polypharmacy?

Back 23

the study of the dosages of medicines and drugs;

the use of many medications

Front 24

what is ADME?

Back 24

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Front 25

what is biotransformation?

Back 25

chemical alteration of a fat soluble drug into a water soluble drug so it can be easily eliminated from the body

Front 26

what is bioavailability?

Back 26

the rate and extent to which a drug is absorbed into systemic circulation

Front 27

what are different forms of enteral administration of drugs?

Back 27

oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal

Front 28

what are different forms of parentarel drug administration?

Back 28

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal

Front 29

what are different forms of topical drug administration?

Back 29

transdermal, sublingual, epicutaneous, inhalation

Front 30

how is a drug metabolized?

Back 30

primarily in the liver

Front 31

what is a metabolite?

Back 31

a drug which has been metabolized by enzymes

Front 32

how is a drug eliminated from the body?

Back 32

excreted via kidneys in water soluble form; the drug must be water soluble to pass through kidneys

Front 33

what is elimination?

Back 33

the disappearance of the active drug from the bloodstream or body

Front 34

what is excretion?

Back 34

elimination through the kidneys and out of the body in the urine

Front 35

what is a half life?

Back 35

the time it takes for a drug to be half its original value

it takes 4-5 half lives for a drug to be considered eliminated

Front 36

what is passive diffusion? facilitated diffusion?

Back 36

movement of biochemicals across a cell membrane without the use of energy

passive transport of chemicals across a cell membrane using transport proteins

Front 37

what is a loading dose? maintenance dose?

Back 37

an initial high dose of a drug to establish therapeutic plasma drug concentration

lower doses used to maintain a desired drug level

Front 38

what is drug tolerance?

Back 38

occurs when a body adapts to a drug's actions and one requires larger doses to achieve the original effect

the liver becomes efficient at breaking down the drug

Front 39

what is drug dependance?

Back 39

loss of control over drug use, craving for substance resulting in physical psychological or social harm to user

Front 40

what is a sympathomimetic? lytic?

Back 40

mimics the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

blockers of sympathetic system

Front 41

what is adrenergic? cholinergic?

Back 41

sympathetic system neurotransmitters

parasympathetic system neurotransmitters

Front 42

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 42

fight or flight

long postganglionic neurons extend to the organs they innervate

Front 43

what are neurotransmitters?

Back 43

a chemical released by nerves at synapses and neuromuscular junctions; purpose is to carry nerve impulses across the synapse; broken down by enzymes

Front 44

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 44

rest and digest

short postganglionic neuron synapse near the target organ

Front 45

what are alpha receptors?

Back 45

alpha 1 - increase blood pressure and flow, nasal decongestant

alpha 2 - decrease blood pressure

Front 46

what are beta receptors?

Back 46

beta 1 - located on heart muscle which increase heart rate, contractility and strenght

beta 2 - located on bronchioles

beta 3 - fat cells

Front 47

what are muscarinic receptors?

Back 47

located on smooth muscle and glands - decrease heart rate, smooth muscle contraction

Front 48

what are nicotinic receptors?

Back 48

located on postsynaptic and neuromuscular junctino of skeletal muscle - cause muscle contraction

Front 49

what are the effects of sympathomimetics?

Back 49

mimic the sympathetic response

stimulate receptors in the sympathetic nervous system - most characteristics exerted on CV system

Front 50

what are diuretics?

Back 50

the first drugs used in the treatment of hypertension

three classes - thiazide, loop and potassium sparing

Front 51

what are thiazide diuretics?

Back 51

act in distal tubule of kidney to inhibit NaCl reabsorption back in the blood, resulting in increased urination; over months the diuretic effect decreases but antihypertensive effect remains

suffix: -thiazide

Front 52

what are loop diuretics?

Back 52

most effective; greater and more rapid diuresis with loss of fluids through kidney excretion

suffix: -semide

Front 53

what are potassium sparing diuretics?

Back 53

acts in the distal tubule, inhibition of sodium reabsorption results in a corresponding reduction in potassium excretion

Front 54

what is an ACE inhibitor?

Back 54

angiotensin converting enzyme

block the conversion of angiotenisn I to angiotensin II by inhibiting the converting enzyme. They reduce peripheral resistance resulting in lower blood pressure

Front 55

what is an angiotensin blocker?

Back 55

block the receptors from receiving angiotensin II. They increase reabsorption of sodium and water in exchange for the excretion of potassium which results in elevated BP

Front 56

what are cholesterol reducing drugs?

Back 56

statins

primarily reduce LDL-C and slow the progression of coronary artery disease. They inhibit the HMG-CoA enzyme which results in less cholesterol formation by the liver

Front 57

which cardiovascular drugs are contraindicated for diabetics?

Back 57

thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, nicotinic acid

Front 58

what can affect cardiovascular drugs?

Back 58

NSAIDs can decrease effectiveness of an antihypertensive drug, epinephrine

Front 59

which meds require a max limit of epinephrine?

Back 59

calcium channel blockers, nitrates, non selective beta blockers