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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of Pharmacology?
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The study of the manner in which the function of living systems is affected by drugs
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What are drug?
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any chemical substance which produces a biological effect
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What is the difference between "Pharmacodynamics" and "Pharmacokinetics"?
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Dynamics is how drugs interact with cells/tissues/organs. Kinetics is how the body interacts with drugs
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What are the uses of drugs?
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Drugs are used to diagnose, prevent (pregnancy) or treat disease
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When given a drug what is the most important?
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That the drug is effective
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What is the ideal drug?
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#1 its effective-it works
#2 its save- will it harm #3 is it selective #4 does the drug fit the individual |
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Can the disease process increase the effects of a drug
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yes
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When you take a drug you want it to?
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Work
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What is a contra-indication?
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When it is inadvisable to use the treatment or procedure because of an existing condition in the patient
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What is and example of an absolute contraindication?
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Giving aspirin in babies
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What is an example of a "relative" contraindication?
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X-ray in pregnant women
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What is another word for a negative reaction?
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an adverse reaction
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How long does it take for the FDA to approve a new drug
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It takes about 11 years of research and development before a drug is submitted to the FDa for revew
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Why is it best to use a generic name for a drug verses a trade name.
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Because there is only one generic name for each drug but there is a lot of brand names for one drug
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What are the two classification of drugs?
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Therapeutic and pharmacologic
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What is the difference between Therapeutic and pharmacologic?
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Therapeutic method organizes drugs based on their therapeutic usefulness in a treatment, Pharmacologic refers to the way an agent works at the molecular, tissue, and body system level
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Which classification of drugs are we going to use? Therapeutic or pharmacologic?
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We will be focusing on pharmacologic
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Why do we focus on pharmacologic over therapeutic?
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Because if we know what classification it is pharmacologic then we can tell what it will do
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What is pharmacokinetics?
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How a drug "moves" in and out of the body.
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What are the four pharmacokinetics of drugs?
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Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
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What is absorption
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The movement of a drug into the blood stream
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What are the factors that affect drug absorption?
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Rate of dissolution, surface area and blood flow
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Are drug absorbed faster with high blood flow or slow blood flow?
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Drugs are absorbed most rapidly from sites where blood flow is high.
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Does surface area affect drug absorption?
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yes, the bigger the surface area the faster the absorption rate
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Does a drug have to dissolve?
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yes, the rate of dissolution will help in determining the rate of absorption.
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What are two factors that affect absorption of drugs?
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if they are lipid solubility and pH partitioning.
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What is distribution?
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the process by which the drug is delivered to the tissues and fluids of the body-how does it get thru the body
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What do we look at when giving medications?
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Is it worth giving the 'poison'?
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What are the factors that affect drug absorption?
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*rate of dissolution
*surface area *blood blow |
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What triggers the increase of the metabolism of a drug?
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a disease process can do this
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What is the process on which a drug is delivered to the tissues and fluids of the body?
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Distribution
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Name the factors that affect distribution?
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*Blood flow to tissues
* ability for the drug to exit the vasculature. *protein binding |
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What happens if a drug is protein bound?
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If a drug is highly protein bound, you have to take it for a long time to get a theraputic amount
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when a treatment is inadvisable it is called?
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contraindication
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When the body changes a drug to a more water-soluble form that can be excreted is called
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Metabolism or biotransformation
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Where does metabolism of a drug occur?
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The liver is the main place for drug metabolism.
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Liver diseases such as cirrhosis, heart failure, which reduce circulation to the liver decrease what
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drug metabolism
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can some diseases reduce drug metabolism?
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yes, certain diseases reduce metabolism
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What are some common factors to consider that might reduce drug metabolism?
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genetics, the environment, and age.
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What is the major drug metabolizing enzyme system?
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Cytochrome P450
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What is cytochrome P450
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The major drug metabolizing enzyme system.
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How many generic names are there for each drug?
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only one generic name.
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What is the safest way in hospital to order drugs? Brand name or generic name?
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The generic name, because there is only one. There are multiple brand names and can be confusing.
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How long on average does it take to develop a drug
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About 11 years
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When 2 or more work together for a common goal is called
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collaborative practice
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Do we ever use a chemical name for a drug?
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no we never use a chemical name. typically we use the generic name.
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A method of organizing drugs based on their therapeutic usefulness in treating particular diseases is called
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therapeutic classification
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A way an agent works at the molecular, tissue, and body system level is what kind of classification of drugs
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Pharmacologic classification
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Which classification tells how they work?
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pharmacologic
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which classification are we going to focus on in pharm class?
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pharmacologic
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What are the 4 way that drugs move in the body (pharmacokinetics)?
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Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
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What is pH partitioning?
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When absorption is enhanced because there is a difference between the pH of plasma and pH at the site of administration. The drug have a tendency to be ionized in the plasma
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What is the process by which the drug is delivered to the tissues and fluids of the body?
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distribution of the drug. How it gets throughout the body
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What are the factors that affect distribution of drugs thru the body?
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*blood flow to tissues
*ability for the drug to exit the vasculature *protein binding. if labeled "highly protein bound then needs lots to get theauraputic |
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How can metabolism be decreased?
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*some diseases can reduce metabolism.
*genetics, the environment, and age |
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The enzyme in the liver that is the major drug metabolizing enzyme system is called?
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Cytochrome p450
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Cytochrome P450 is heavily linked to what?
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genetics. everyone metabolizes drugs differently because of genetics.
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Some drugs can become more active than the original due to what?
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the cytochrome P450
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cytochrome P450 does what to drugs?
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They inactivate drugs AND accelerate them.
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Liver disease such as cirrhosis results in decreased metabolism of drugs. do you give more or less drugs?
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less because it is not going to be metabolized and excreted normally
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The first pass effect refers to what?
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when a drug is taken oral, it refers to the rapid liver inactivation of certain oral drugs. ie..insulin can not be given orally
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What happens to oral drugs?
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they are absorbed by the GI tract and carried directly to the liver thru the hepatic portal vein.
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Is it possible for the drug to be completely metabolized by the liver on the first pass and render it inactive?
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yes, that is what the first pass effect is all about
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Excretion happens in what organ?
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the kidney
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the process that drugs are removed from the body is called?
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excretion
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What determines the rate at which medications are excreted?
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their concentration in the bloodstream and tissues.
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What is the duration of action
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the rate of excretion
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What is the minimum effective concentration?
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the amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect but not toxic-getting a response
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What is the toxic concentration?
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the amount of drugs that is not therapeutic but is toxic-
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What is the therapeutic range?
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the amount of drug needed to be therapeutic but not toxic--the range.
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What is a narrow therapeutic index?
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the very small range between therapeutic and toxic. Do blood test often to stay in the range
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What do we mean by the first pass effect?
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the rapid hepatic inactivation of certain ORAL DRUGS
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If words are jumbled, and I had a stroke what side of the brain is effected?
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the left side brain
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What would delay absorption?
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food, surface area, solubility, blood flow-vascularity, pH partitioning.
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Excretion is done primarily thru the ???
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kidney
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Somewhere between the toxic concentration and the minimum effective concentration is what?
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the therapeutic range
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What does it mean by a narrow therapeutic range?
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It means there is a small window between the toxic and minimum effective concentration and needs to be monitored closely with blood tests
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What is an initial large does of drugs called?
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The loading dose or the bolus
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Why would a drug need a loading dose?
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It primes the blood level to get the concentration up to therapeutic range
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How should a dose of drug be adjusted "adjusting the dose"?
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Should be based on body surface area.--weight
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Why is 1/2 life important in drugs?
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Since the goal is effectiveness, then its good to know the 1/2 life to know the dosage
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What is a good way to tell when a drug will be excreted?
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By knowing its 1/2 life
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What are two reasons to know a drugs 1/2 life?
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for dosing and purposes related to excretion
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What do we what to keep a drug in a therapeutic range?
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we want a plateau-to keep the drug at a constant
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What refers to the amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect?
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Potency
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How do drugs generally work?
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by receptors
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What are the 'chemicals' in the body that most drugs interact with to produce and effect?
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receptors
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Drugs can only alter the rate of pre-existing processes on ???
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receptors
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What prevents receptor activation? --Blocks the effect
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antagonist
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What activates receptors--encourages activation
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agonist
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What is an example of an antagonist drug?
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beta-blockers
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What has only moderate activation of drugs- both agonist and antagonist?
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partial agonist
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What is ED50?
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the dose at the middle of a frequency curve.
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Why do we care about the ED 50?
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Because its the standard or average dose for a drug-the median effective dose
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What is a margin of safety/therapeutic index?
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its the area by which a drug is safe and effective (therapeutic)
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If a drug has a small margin of safety what should happen?
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Have blood test to keep the drug safe.
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What is LD 50?
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its the average lethal dose. The dose that is lethal to 50%.
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What is the most important think we want a drug to be?
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effective
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What is safer, a large index or small therapeutic index?
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large therapeutic index is safer. Small therapeutic index is dangerous
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What becomes the standard or average dose of a drug?
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the ED 50, the dose at the middle of the frequency curve.
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Where 50% of the people get the needed response is called what?
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ED 50
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