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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 ways to prepare a pharmaceutical solution? |
1. Simple solution (dissolve solute in solvent) 2. Solution by chemical reaction (two or more substances react with each other in appropriate solvents to increase solubility) 3. Solution by extraction (extracts from vegetables or animals) |
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What is a syrup?
Name 2 examples. |
A concentrated aqueous preparation of a sugar/ sugar substitute, with or without flavouring agents. May contain APIs. Those without are called "non-medicated" or "flavoured vehicle".
Ora-Sweet and SF Alka. |
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What are syrups commonly used for? |
Masking bad tasting APIs - commonly seen in pediatric formulations. Contains little to no alcohol. |
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What syrup pH would be suitable for a basic drug? |
Acidic |
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1. Which sugars are most commonly used in sweet syrups?
2. What are the benefits of using sugar? (2) |
1. Sucrose is most common. Sorbital is alternative.
2. a. No additional sweetener or viscosity enhancer needed. b. No preservative needed. |
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What chemicals are included in sugar-free syrups? Provide an example of each. (3) |
1. Sweetener (aspartame/ saccharin sodium) 2. Viscosity enhancer (carboxymethylcellulose) 3. Preservative (paraben) |
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What is an elixir?
What percentages of EtOH are used? |
Clear, hydroalcoholic solution for oral use.
Usually 10-40% v/v, with the higher percentage used for APIs with low water solubility. |
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How do elixirs taste compared to syrups? |
They are less sweet, and less effective in masking bad API taste. |
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Aside from water, EtOH and the API, what else needs to be added to elixirs? |
No preservatives needed for EtOH> 12%.
Viscosity enhancers need to be added, as well as flavouring agents. |
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What are tinctures? |
They are similar to elixirs (hydroalcoholic) but are prepared by extracting vegetable or animal material. Mostly for oral use.
They contain 15-90% alcohol. |
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How are tinctures prepared and stored? |
No preservative required because high EtOH content.
Co-solvents like glycerine are commonly added.
Must be tightly stoppered and kept away from high temperature. |
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What are mouthwashes/ gargles? |
Solutions used for the treatment of inflammation and infection of oral cavity or nasopharynx region. |
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What chemicals are mouthwashes/ gargles usually formulated with? |
Ethanol often used as co-solvent for antimicrobial properties and to improve API solubility.
Often used with colorants, flavour agents and sweeteners. |
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What are liniments?
What is their purpose? |
Hydroalcoholic, alcoholic, or oil-based solutions rubbed onto skin.
(Hydro)alcoholic solvents can be rubefacient (increase blood flow to skin), counterirritant, or help API penetration.
Oleagineous solvents can be less irritating. Can be used for massages. |
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What are collodions? How are they used? |
Solutions with 4%w/v pyroxylin dissolved in a 3:1 mixture of EtOH and ether. Extremely volatile (store in <30 degrees C)
Can have API included.
When applied to skin, it evaporates and leaves a film of pyroxylin which helps hold API on skin for better topical drug delivery. |
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How is pyroxylin synthesized? |
Cellulose tetranitrate. Made by reacting sulfuric acid and nitric acid on cotton. |
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What are spirits?
What is their purpose? |
(Hydro)alcoholic solutions of volatile substances. Usually >60% EtOH, which increases solubility and concentration of aromatic/ volatile substances.
These can be used as flavouring agents and medicinally for the solubility. |
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What are douches? (giggle giggle giggle)
What is their purpose? |
Aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a cavity of the body for antiseptic purposes.
Example: eye douche to remove foreign irritant. |
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What do you call a frozen dog? |
A pupsicle. |
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What are enemas?
What is their purpose? |
Enemas are solutions administered rectally. Two types:
1. Retension - for administration of drugs locally (hydrocortisone) or systemic absorption (aminophylline)
2. Evacuation - for clearance of bowel by softening feces or increasing the amount of water in the large bowel. |
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What is the difference between aqueous and oil based enemas? |
Aqueous: often contain phosphate salts. Glycerol is often added to reduce seepage and increase viscosity.
Oil based: can help promote evacuation. |
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What are otic solutions?
What is their purpose? |
Aqueous solutions that topically deliver API to the ear. Most contain glycerin to increase viscosity and help with drug retention in ear canal. |
