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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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• “Mediated”
• When you have strong emotional connection and feelings about events that you weren’t actually there for • Started around the JFK assassination • Princess Diana’s funeral • Goes along with flattered self • We are all method actors • Scripted responses to things • Product of increasingly mediated environment • Reaching for real, everything’s more artificial now • People act the way they think they should feel rather than how they actually feel |
Method Acting
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• -because you're married and have a great career, things you own make you important,
• -more about appearance and how things make you look |
Flattery of Representation
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• More protective over children now.
• Silly that we are overprotective but we have the option to do it. Goes with optionality: the way we construct ourselves over time among all these options reflects our identity, so many options available, what we choose reflects our identity • Ex; to get exercise we work out on stationary machines • a subconscious futuristic premonition about how something might happen…seeing the persuasive effects before it actually plays out.dynamic of evaluation: an aesthetic sense that something is amiss; then the realization that you can’t pin down exactly what the problem is, while the advantages are obvious—and that queasy feeling will subside in time. (Ex: It wouldn’t make sense to not have your child ride a bike without a helmet—regardless of whether you did it when you were a kid or not, it is dangerous and what if they got hurt? People working out in gyms—going nowhere but working so hard, and then you begin to do it as well. A clone of yourself so that |
Justin Helmet Principle: Zengotitta
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• The idea that there is a constant battle for good expression in society
• Zengotita uses the club example where the 9 ethnic/niche groups were represented and the 55 year old women stood up and voiced her opinion of all students being able to bring their concerns to the table. • People who attempt to view this politically stage a show or spectacle to exhort others to attain to their cause. • Political action means getting attention and people do this all the time to draw attention or “give voice to” or “getting the message” out on a certain idea or shared identity. |
Politics of Self Expression
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• Nature being turned into an option in itself
• Civilization exists on avoiding nature by the artificial, therefore we try to seek out reality. • People do crazy things to get out of mediated reality (i.e. skydiving, bungee jumping, climbing Mt. Everest, etc.) • There is nothing “more real” than these daredevil stunts. |
Reaching for the Real: Zengotitta
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• Way we argue blinds us from ideological views
• We have good motivations and bad motivations; this creates a different or contradicting picture of one’s self. |
Distortions of Interest
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• Superficiality in its most logical sense means to “over simplify” an argument
• This is exemplified in the Abortion vs. Pro life arguments and through the structural bias of the media • The news is pressured to make money creating an even bigger need to bring the news via entertainment means which oversimplifies important political and societal issues, “and next” • The medium of direct mail contributes to the superficial nature of how we receive information. |
Superficiality
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• America does not have its own culture, we have a smorgasbord of different cultures, and as a culture we attempt to level out cultural differences which define the “should” and “should nots” of being a member of a particular group.
• This multicultural approach to culture is quite frail because it essential reduces a lifestyle. • Children are taught this lifestyle perhaps in terms of religion which contributes to one’s personal identity and outlook on life. • This acts as a wardrobe that one can just put on or take off at any time to experience others religions. • Hunter says that when we attempt to experience other religions we fail to comprehend normative order of sometimes harsh practices, i.e. beating women in eastern religions, etc. |
Trivializing Culture
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• Substantive democracy, and the idea of “city on a hill”
• The us should be the city on the hill because we are a world power • Vision of eutopia, we need to adopt modesty in politics |
millenarian perfectionism: Hunter (p. 229-240)
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• If an individual believes that they own the truth they will attempt to create this like mindedness amongst everyone around them.
• This throws religion into the public sphere without properly establishing argument, ppl just shout past eachother • Speakers have to earn the right to be heard and trusted and we make it impossible to earn that trust because we ask so much of people making it difficult to establish credibility • We as speakers have the right to speak, but we also have to earn the right to be heard |
Trust
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• Religious rhetoric appeals to a higher ground of human nature, arguments not about human dignity, but the dignity of the speaker
• Appeals to principle are pervasive because they are appeals to the better self • This effort aims to join a community by argument as opposed to blood or creed. • This forces us to compromise on principle as opposed to the overall religious and political aspects of an argument. |
religious rhetoric as principled:
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• Learned initially in Psychology 202.
• Yale psychologist, Stanley Milgram wanted to study the willingness of participants to obey an authority figure, even when it went against their personal conscience. • Showed the power of authority, because even when the participants thought they were severely hurting the other participant they (usually) obeyed the authority figure and continued administering “shocks” up to the three consistent 450-volt shocks at the conclusion of the experiment. • Milgram found in his first set of experiments that 65% of participants administered the final 450-volt shock. |
Milgram studies: Cialdini (references)
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• Zengotita identifies the “cult of the child” as a child’s eye view of this mediated world; the view of one who has no choice but to live in it.
• It implies that children are simply victims of persuasion, and society’s overbearing efforts to influence children in many different ways. • Youth culture is represented through and through and the cultural trajectory has been preserved and is continuously recycled. • I.e. Zengotita’s son knows more about the beatles than him, his culture is being recycled through his son. • Cults of the children are created child-viewers “process of socialization”. Zengotitia exemplifies this using his son’s question of “why do you shake hands” or his daughters misuse of grammatically correct clauses, reestablishing method acting |
Cult of the Child: Zengotitta
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• Bush’s heart elevated to the idea of him taking the reins of the war against terrorism.
• His goodness bounded with the goodness of the American people. • Bush built on his simplistic nature to amplify evil and paint saddam as the face of oppression. • In order to defeat evil he HAD to do what was necessary • “Nothing could justify what they did on 9/11, take a stand!” • In doing this Bush internalized flattery into the bold leader image, Bush the Bold confounded the country with his simple words and simple needs. |
Bush the Bold
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• Term coined for how moderns decided they had surpassed the ancients by dints of achievement in the form of technological and all systematic applications being referred to as useful art.
• French Republic, Ford Cars, google; our grandparents belong on the first list and we belong closer to the third in technological advancement. • Our times are hyper fabricated products of the culture we live in • People undertook the need to construct themselves in accordance with their own designs through politics, education, fashion etc. • These people make themselves, and REMAKED the world; popular expressions remake our culture. • This encourages people to make something of themselves, we become authors of our own beings. |
proprietorial humanism:
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• One can’t take arguments on feelings! This shuts down debate and creates a debate of emotional language
• Saying, “I feel.” Cannot be argued! You can’t argue with the way someone feels (i.e. “I feel bad,” you can’t say, “No you don’t!”) • Direct mail: they’re trying to evoke emotional responses; they are not going to be calm and rational. |
language of sentiment: Hunter
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• The way in which we use language invites us to see a false picture of reality.
• We only see the extreme sides of reality. • The way in which we argue blinds us. Media bias explains that media also contributes to the major problem. • This is known as structural bias as shown in the Donnahue episode, Hunter wants us to bring media bias to the foreground to establish better and more productive public • arguement • Language regarding issues like abortion gives us a false view of reality |
rhetorical (speech act) distortions: Hunter
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• In Hunter’s book, America will always be flawed. So rather than “remake the world,” try to make the world better.
• Think more locally, you have influence you didn’t realize you had. (Greates example of this is as a parent, the influence you have over your children.) • The social and political process are inherently more complex and stubborn which forces us to think that we are a city on a hill and that America will always be flawed and we have an “ethics of responsibility” to move beyond this culture war. • Politics will always be questioned, and they will never be a city on a hill, if we can realize abstract principles and ideals in our political institutions, we can achieve a measure of salvation. |
modesty in politics: Hunter
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• “We found the weak link is the doctor. We’re going to expose them. We’re going to humiliate them.” –Quote from Terry, used in the “Rights and Freedoms” direct mail letter.
• Founded the group Operation Rescue. Their purpose is to promote their pro-life ideas throughout the United States. He ran Operation Rescue from 1987-1991. • Their most successful tactic was to blockade abortion clinics not letting anyone in or out. • They repeatedly use Christianity as a crutch of their beliefs and their organization as a whole • Religious leader/ pro life advocate who stood as flag individuals for themselves and others to market their ideas • Used emotional appeal to generate hate towards doctors and other individuals who were pro choice advocates in order to evoke a particular response. • (He also represented the Schindler family in the case of Teri Schiavo- the Schindlers were her parents who wanted to keep her feeding tube in, which would have continued her life in a vegetative sta |
Randall Terry: Founder/Director of Operation Rescue
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• I have a duty to make the best I can of what you say and not to reduce an ethos argument to a logos argument
• Revolves around the assumption that most of what the speaker says is indeed true and intelligible. • The best strategy to go about doing this is to put yourself into the other’s perspective and assume them as your beliefs • This is difficult with religious language because we immediately ignore different discoursre • I.e. I can argue that capital punishment is an ultimate sanction solely issued by god, in return we can agree on skepticism of human reason. • The key is to listen for information that can ADVANCE the conversation |
hermeneutic principle of charity:
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• Comprehensiveness is not a logical argument it is an ethical argument making communities harder to establish but the more comprehensive the appeal the deeper the community is established
• However, once one is committed religiously he/she is committed to a wider range of consequences • We should be suspicious of an argument, and let the burden of truth fall on the speaker as opposed to the ideas • In order to be persuaded on a political issue, I have to trust that the speaker is not persuading me a religious issue. |
religious rhetoric as comprehensive:
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• Cialdini
• Discussion of canned laughter • The means we use to determine what is correct is to find out what other people think is correct • We view a behavior as more correct in a given situation to the degree that we see others performing it • Weapon of influence • Social proof is a shortcut • If we conform to the behavior we see around us, we are less likely to make social faux pas |
Social Proof
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• Con artists pose as FBI agents, bank examiners, police officers, or bank officials
• They contact you, pretending to need your help for an investigation • You are asked to withdrawal your money and hand it over • They promise to redeposit or return the money to you after the investigation • You never see the money again • Targeted victim is usually an elderly person |
Bank-examiner scheme
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• - Takes advantage of a short cut- getting the customer to comply with the small requests and building upon the small to get to the big.
• - You agree on relatively minor things in hopes to persuade you to agree on the larger idea. (i.e. magazine sellers that say they are going to college and use their rapport building to persuade you to buy the magazines & the small poster in your yard and then the larger poster.) • - Example: Nurse giving patients lethal doses of meds that Dr’s called in and told them to give them • Social Proof • (Cialdini, “Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion”) • - A shortcut for when we decide what we need to do is based on what other people are doing around us. |
Foot-In-the-Door Technique
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• (Cialdini, “Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion”)
• - Conform to what the rest of society is doing so you don’t stand out. |
Werther Effect
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• - there is so much persuasion directed toward us TIVO and DVR make the problem even worse because there are more things competing for our attention than there is space to advertise
• - From the Persuaders- more and more messages are needed • - People develop immunities to certain advertising and it is crowded because we’re exposed to so many each day, they have to create ways to get attention of consumers/audience • PETA; evoking emotions • Sex sells- you have to do things to get your viewer’s attention |
Clutter
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• - In France the cheese is alive so you don’t put it in your refrigerator but in the US cheese is dead so you put it in your fridge. We don’t respond to what we primarily think but how we feel- there is a code depending on where you are. When you sell an item you tie it into a felt need that is within us
• - According to Rapaille the reptilian section of our brain is wired by our biological need such as sex and survival- controls our decisions |
The Reptillian
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- Axiom Company that keeps all our information, used in campaigning to appeal to specific issues and target you to a demographic.
- This encourages deception and dishonesty because you can control who sees what by using their codes o Narrow casting is very dangerous culturally o Cialdini; subconscious persuasion o Advertising is myth and encourages consumption that isn’t healthy |
Narrow Casting
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Door-in-the-face technique
Relies heavily on the pressure to reciprocate concessions Starting with extreme request that is sure to be rejected, requester can then profitably retreat to a smaller request, the one that he has desired all along This request is now likely to be accepted because it appears to be a concession This technique also increases the likelihood that the person will carry out the request then agree to future requests |
Rejection-then-retreat technique- Cialdini’s Influence
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giving a good price for a car such as 400 below competitors prices
the good deal however is not genuine, the dealer never intends for it to go through it gives the customer a prospect to decide to buy the car once the decision is made, a number of activities develop such as driving car for a day or two before signing contract occasionally an error in calculations is discovered maybe salesmen forgot to add cost of air conditioning, and if buyer wants AC, 400 must be added back to price |
“throwing a low ball”- Cialdini Influence
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People respond to the loss of freedom by wanting to have it more
This includes freedom to have certain goods and services 2 particular ages (terrible 2’s and the teenagers) emerging sense of individuality which brings to prominence such issues as control, individual rights, and freedoms • • Mediated- Zengotita • literally means dealing with reality through something else • book purposes, refers to arts and artifacts that represent & communicate the way we experience the world, and ourselves in it • Tie into persuasion: to better subtly manipulate/coerce, it makes it easier if you understand the society and way it works. • the way Z. confronts ‘the real’ & ‘the artificial’ • the artificial= mediated optional world in which we live in, real is inevitable (earthquakes) • we live in the artificial the vast majority of the time • metaphor: the blob (think of media in our culture as a blob, taking us all over) tons of appealing things (certain appeal, like twitter—s |
Psychological reactance theory- Cialdini Influence
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-To recognize that we are under influence, listen for signals coming from 2 places within us. Our stomach or our gut reaction, and our heart
-Bad feeling in pit of our stomach may appear when we realize that we are being pushed by commitment and consistency pressures to agree to requests we know we do not want to perform |
Stomach- Influence
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-tactics attempt to persuade people with time restrictions
- its important because when something becomes less accessible the freedom to have it may be lost -things difficult to obtain are typically more valuable -the availability of an item can serve as a shortcut clue to its quality (social proof) |
Deadline Tactics
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