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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following assumptions underlies the trait approach to personality? |
Personality characteristics are relatively stable overtime. |
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Which of the following is true about the trait approach to personality? |
Trait researchers generally are not as interested in understanding the causes of personality. |
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According to Allport, which of the following is true about central traits? |
They are useful when examining personality through the idiopathic approach. |
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A man is said to have one personality trait that dominates his personality. Allport would identify this personality traits as a: |
Cardinal trait. |
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People with high susceptibility to negative emotions plus a hesitancy to express them are referred to as: |
Type D |
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Which theorist identified psychogenic needs as the basic elements of personality? |
Henry Murray |
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Sometimes a man with a high need for Affiliation will engage in social interactions, but sometimes he will not. According to Murray, what determines the man's affiliation behavior? |
The strength of his need for Affiliation relative to other needs. |
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A psychologist examines 6 personality tests. She suspects that 4 of the tests are really measuring the same personality trait and that the remaining 2 are measuring another personality trait. What kind of research should she use to test her hypothesis? |
Factor analysis |
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Karen always approaches tasks in an organized, faithful manner. She persists at a difficult job longer than most people and accomplishes more. Karen is probably high in: |
Conscientiousness |
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Monroe is very competitive at work and when playing sports with his friends. Monroe could he classified as a: |
Person high in need for Achievement |
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Which of the following big 5 traits is most likely released to activity in the mental association mechanisms of the brain? |
Openness |
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Compared to most of us, individuals who score high on Openness are more likely to: |
Consider new ideas. |
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On what kind of an achievement task is a Type A person likely to work harder than a person who is Type B |
When in competition with another person. |
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According to recent research finding, behind person among a group of Type A people is at the highest risk for coronary disease? |
The one who becomes angry and hostile over small nuisances and frustration. |
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Tiger(1979) proposed that optimism need to develop once our species became self-aware. Why? |
To counteract the anxiety associated with death awareness |
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Research has identified each of the following except one as a characteristic of people high in social anxiety. Which one? |
They frequently ask friends to help them. |
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Some researchers believe that evaluation apprehension is the underlying cause of social anxiety. This means people high in social anxiety: |
Are afraid of what other people will think of them. |
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Which of the following is TRUE of people with schizoid personality disorder? |
They seem to be immune from criticism from others. |
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Social Phobia is prevalent in as much as 20% of the population. |
False. |
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The difference between social anxiety that everyone experiences at time and social phobia is that: |
Social Phobia is associated with significant disruption at work, school, or relationships. |
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Jeff is an actor. He tends to worry about all the things that might go wrong in each performance. If Jeff is a defensive pessimist and if he is too distracted to worry before the performance he probably will: |
Perform worse. |
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Which of the following is not true of optimists? |
They quickly seek treatment for medical conditions or illnesses. |
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According to data presented in the lecture, which big 5 trait goes up the LEAST with age? |
Openness |
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The statement "only you can really understand the nature of your own existence" reflects the humanistic concept of: |
Individual Phenomenology |
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Emphasis on____ in the 1960s provided fertile soil for the growth of humanistic personality. |
Individuality |
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The humanistic approach to personality is most similar to: |
Existential philosophy |
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There are several key elements to humanistic psychology. Each of the following is one except one. Which one? |
Religious conviction |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the full functioning person according to Rodgers? |
All of the above |
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A man thinks of himself as an outstanding athlete. One day he watches some tennis players at the athletic club who are better than he is. Because the man is not fully functioning, Rodgers might have expected to do the following except one. Which one? |
Accept there are better tennis players. |
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According to Rodgers, what are the consequences of using distortion and denial? |
The person will become less able to experience life fully. |
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A boy hits his younger sister. What might a Rogerian therapist recommend the parents say? |
I love you, but hitting your sister is unacceptable behavior. |
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According to Maslow, self-actualized people display the each of the following tendencies except one. |
They don't feel guilty. |
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According to Maslow, an adult is likely to take care of which of the following needs first? |
Defense of self and family |
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According to Maslow, a man who has satisfied his physiological and safety needs will probably become highly aware of his need for _______ next. |
Friends and a romantic relationship |
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Which of the following is true about Maslow's needs hierarchy? |
A single behavior may satisfy multiple needs. |
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According to Rogers, clients are able to overcome defenses and accept experiences that have been denied and distorted when they: |
Experience unconditional positive regard |
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You ask a person to provide a real-self profile and an ideal-self profile. Which correlation would you expect to find between the two profiles is the person is fully-functioning? |
.60 |
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Researchers generally conceive of "self-esteem" as how you feel about yourself. They distinguish self-esteem from "self-concept", which is: |
the type of person you believe yourself to be |
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Although people with low self-esteem can identify things about themselves they like, compared to others they: |
lack a basic confidence in themselves.
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Rosa receives a low grade on a biology midterm exam. If we know that Rosa is low in self-esteem, we might expect her to: |
Try less hard on the next exam. |
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When high self-esteem people are confronted with a negative evaluation, they: |
tell themselves how well they do in other areas. |
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The two main advantages of high self-esteem are: |
More confidence and feeling good. |
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Which of the following do researchers find about loneliness? |
The majority of college students experience loneliness on occasion. |
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Researchers have found that: |
we can identify people who have relatively consistent tendencies to experience loneliness |
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A woman spends a lot of time by herself. Whether she experiences this time as loneliness depends on? |
how much social contact she requires to meet her personal needs. |
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There are many more lonely people than we tend to think. Some psychologists believe that people's feelings of loneliness reflect a deeper concern about existential questions of: |
Alienation |
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Maslow found that self-actualized people tend to |
Enjoy time by themselves. |
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People with a high preference for solitude tend to: |
Enjoy both time alone and time spent with others. |
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Of the following, which is NOT a positive aspect of solitude? |
None of the above |
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According to the slides, people with high self-compassion: |
recognize their faults cognitively, without corresponding negative emotion, rumination, and defensivenss. |
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When you recognize that the difficulties you are experienced by most other people you are promoting which component of self-compassion? |
Common Humanity |
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Which explanation of lying and deception would be most consistent with the views of Rogers? |
fear of being rejected by others |
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Which of the following statements is the most consistent with the philosophy of Maslow? |
Don't get ahead of yourself. Progress is incremental. |
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Compared to Freudian theory, neo-Freudian theories are more likely to |
attribute differences between the personalities of men and women to cultural forces. |
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Which of the following is NOT a key limitation to Freud's theory according to the neo-Freudians? |
The idea that the ego defends against anxiety |
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According to Adler, all but one of the following parental behaviors is likely to lead to personality problems in the children. Which one? |
Allowing the child to be independent. |
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Wanda was the hardest working student in her school. Her constant efforts were rewarded at graduation when she received an award as the university's best math student. She confessed at that time that in elementary school she had failed math and was told by her teacher that she should pick an occupation that did not require her to work with numbers. What might Alfred Adler have said about Wanda? |
Her striving for achievement resulted from her earlier feelings of inferiority. |
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Which of the following is correct about Adler's concept of striving for superiority? |
Striving for superiority has its roots in a child's perception of his or her own inferiority. |
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According to the Adler, last borns should be more prone to |
poor social empathy |
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Adler experienced each of the following in his own childhood except one. Which one? |
Being a 1st born child |
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According to the slides, Jung developed a theory that was directly influenced by his early life experiences. Which one? |
Growing up in a religious family |
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The snake is a universal symbol of evil. This is represented symbolically in art, folklore, and religious stories throughout time and across cultures. Which theorist would consider this observation as evidence to support his theory? |
Jung |
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According to Jung, the objectionable characteristics we see in other people are often projections of our own |
Shadow |
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According to Jung, if a man is attracted to a woman, it is because |
She matches his own anima |
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According to Karen Horney, a person who becomes extremely dependent on other people |
is using this interpersonal style to avoid feelings of anxiety |
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According to Horney, which interpersonal style is most adaptive and likely to lead to successful social relationships? |
A flexible approach utilizing aspects of all three |
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Evidence for the collective unconscious given by Carl Jung included |
Jung's own study of folklore, art, mythology, and psychosis. |
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Compared to Freud's theory, the neo‑Freudian theories generally are |
more concerned with the social aspects of personality development |
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According to research on attachment theory, a mother who is attentive and responsive to her infant is most likely to develop a ______ relationship with the child. |
Secure |
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Researchers have identified attachment styles that affect how people relate to romantic partners. According to attachment theory, these adult styles are primarily determined by |
relationships with parents when the person was an infant. |
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A woman is uncomfortable getting close to others and has difficulty trusting potential romantic partners. The woman probably has which kind of adult attachment style? |
Avoidant |
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A man worries that his romantic partner does not really love him. He becomes demanding and sometimes overwhelming in his effort to secure the partner's love. The man probably has which kind of attachment style? |
Anxious-ambivilant |
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Although she is involved in a steady romantic relationship, Jackie has an avoidant attachment style. This week she is stressed about an upcoming medical operation. Studies suggest the stress will cause Jackie to |
pull away from her partner. |
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Francisco has fallen in love many times, but has difficulty finding long-term happiness in any of his relationships. He desperately wants to find a romantic partner. Francisco probably has which kind of adult attachment style? |
anxious-ambivilant |
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People with which kind of adult attachment style are least likely to fall in love? |
Avoidant |
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A securely attached infant’s “working model” indicates that |
other people can be trusted and relied upon to provide a safe haven. |
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A woman finds that the following best describes her attachment pattern: “I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won’t want me to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.” Which adult attachment pattern does this correspond to? |
anxious-ambivilant |
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Samantha turns down almost all opportunities to interact with her peers and puts forth the impression that she is very independent and self-sufficient. Which interaction style does Samantha display, according to Horney? |
moving away from people |
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Harlow stimulated a change in perspective regarding bonding or attachment by challenging the behaviorist model. This behaviorist view was known as the |
meal dispenser model |
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In attachment theory a "working model" is synonymous with the concept of |
A relationship schema |
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Adler, Horney, and Jung all built their theories upon the simple observation that children are inferior and dependent |
False |
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Adler expressed the view that women suffer from feelings of inferiority because they are, in fact, inherently inferior. |
False |
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From Horney's perspective, why is it that men need to feel superior and dominant? |
To compensate for their minimal contribution to human procreation |
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Briefly describe a hypothetical relationship between an adult who is anxious-ambivalent and one who is avoidant. |
A person who is anxious-ambivalent (Sally) is in a relationship with a person who is avoidant (Joe). Because Joe is avoidant, he will tend to pull away more, especially during times when he is under stress or emotional turmoil. Sally will already have entered this relationship feeling like Joe doesn't really love her, and from the beginning she could begin to test Joe to see if he really does love her like he says he does. As Joe begins to pull away, Sally will only begin to push harder and test Joe more to prove his love to her. With Sally pushing harder, Joe could pull away more. It would be a vicious cycle, and neither person in the relationship would be happy. |
