Pathophysiology- Cardiovascular System Ch. 22

Front 1

the circulatory system consists of? is made of 2 serial connected systems called?

Back 1

the heart and blood vessels; pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation

Front 2

this type of circulation is driven by the right side of the heart, its functionis to deliver blood to the lungs for oxygenation

Back 2

pulmonary circulation

Front 3

driven by the left sideof the heart and its function is to move oxygenated blood throughout the body

Back 3

systematic circulation

Front 4

collect fluids from the interstitium and return the fluids to the circulatory system

Back 4

the lymphatic vessels

Front 5

the heart consist of how many chambers? valves?

Back 5

4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
4 valves (2 av valves, and 2 semilunar)

Front 6

the heart wall which encloses the heart and divides it into chambers is made up of what 3 layers

Back 6

pericardium (outer layer), myocardium( muscular layer), endocardium (inner layer)

Front 7

the myocardial layer of the two atria which receive blood entering the heart is thinner than the myocardial layer of?

Back 7

the ventricles (which have to be stronger to squeeze blood out of the heart)

Front 8

the right and left side of the heart is seperated by portions of the heart wall called?

Back 8

interartial septum and the interventricular septum

Front 9

unoxygenated blood from the systematic circulation enters the?

Back 9

right atrium through the superior and inferior venae cava

Front 10

from the atrium the blood passes through the?

Back 10

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle

Front 11

in the ventricle the blood flows from the inflow tract to the outflow tract and then through the?

Back 11

pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery which delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation

Front 12

oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the?

Back 12

the left atrium through the 4 pulmonary valves

Front 13

from the left atrium the blood passes through the?

Back 13

left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve) into the left ventricle

Front 14

in the ventricle blood flows from the inflow tract to the outflow tract and through the?

Back 14

aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve) into the aorta which delivers it to the systematic arteries of the entire body

Front 15

ensures the one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle and from ventricle to artery

Back 15

the heart valves

Front 16

enters the coronary arteries through an opening in the aorta

Back 16

oxygenated blood

Front 17

what type of blood comes through the coronary veins

Back 17

unoxygenated blood

Front 18

pumping actionof the heart consist of what two phases?

Back 18

diastole and systole

Front 19

during what phase does the myocardium relaxes and the chambers fill with blood

Back 19

diastole

Front 20

during what phase does the myocardium contracts forcing blood out of the ventricles

Back 20

systole

Front 21

each cardiac cycle constitutes one?

Back 21

heart beat

Front 22

a cardiac cycle consist of one?

Back 22

systolic contraction and the diastolic relaxation that follows

Front 23

the conduction system of the heart generates and transmits?

Back 23

electrical impulses that stimulate systolic contractions

Front 24

what nerves can adjust heart rate and systolic force,but do not stimulate the heart to beat

Back 24

autonomic nerves (sympathetic/ parasympathetic fibers)

Front 25

the p wave represents?

Back 25

atrial depolarization

Front 26

the QRS complex is the sum of?

Back 26

all ventricular cell depolarization

Front 27

the ST interval occurs when the?

Back 27

entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized

Front 28

cardiac action potentials are generated by the sinoatrial node at the rate of about? these impulses stimulate?

Back 28

75 impulses per minute; myocardial contraction as they go

Front 29

cells of the cardiac conduction system possess the properties of?

Back 29

automaticity and rhythmicity

Front 30

which cells return to threshold and depolarize rhythmitically without outside stimulus

Back 30

autonomic cells

Front 31

these cells depolarize faster than other automatic cells making it the natural pacemaker of the heart

Back 31

cells of the sinoatrial node

Front 32

if the sinoatrial node is disabled the next fastest pacemaker?

Back 32

atrioventricular takes over

Front 33

the refractory period ensures that what will occur?

Back 33

diastole (relaxation) thereby completing the cardiac cycle

Front 34

each cardiac action potential travels from the?

Back 34

sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node to the bundle of His, through the bundle branches and finally to the purkinje fibers

Front 35

cross bridges between actin and myosin enable?

Back 35

contraction

Front 36

calcium and its interaction with the troponin complex facilitate what process?

Back 36

contraction

Front 37

with troponin release of calcium what can begin?

Back 37

myocardial relaxation

Front 38

preload or pressure generated in the ventricles at the end of diastole depends on the amount of?

Back 38

blood in the ventricle

Front 39

is the resistance to ejection of the blood from the ventricle. depends on the pressure in the aorta

Back 39

afterload

Front 40

states that the myocardial stretch determinesthe force of myocardial contraction( the greater the stretch the greater the contraction)

Back 40

The frank-starling law

Front 41

states that the amount of contractile force generated within a chamber depends on the radius and the thickness of its wall

Back 41

laplace law

Front 42

contractility is the potential for?

Back 42

myocardial fiber shortening during systole

Front 43

contractility is determined by the amount of?

Back 43

stretching during diastole and by sympathetic stimulation of the ventricles

Front 44

the smallest arterial vessel is called?

Back 44

capillaries

Front 45

the smallest veins are called? what do they receive?

Back 45

venules; capillary blood

Front 46

from the venules the venous blood flows into?

Back 46

larger and larger veins until it reaches the vanae cava through which it enters the right atrium

Front 47

vessel walls consist of what three layers?

Back 47

tunica intima (inner layer), tunica media (middle layer)
tunica externa (outer layer)

Front 48

the tunica media closest to the heart contains a greater proportion of what fibers?

Back 48

elastic (b/c distend during systole and recoil for diastole)

Front 49

blood flow into the capillaries is controlled by the contraction and relaxation of?

Back 49

smooth muscle bands

Front 50

forms the lining or endothelium of blood vessels

Back 50

endothelial cells

Front 51

is a life support tissue and functions as a filter, altering permeability, changes in vasomotion and is involved in clotting and inflammation

Back 51

the endothelium

Front 52

blood flow through the veins is assisted by the contraction of?

Back 52

skeletal muscles (the muscle pump)

Front 53

blood flow is affected by several things

Back 53

blood pressure
blood consistency
anatomic features
compliance

Front 54

this law describes the relationship of blood flow, pressure, and resistance as the diff.....

Back 54

poiseuille law

Front 55

total peripheral resistance or the resistance to flow within the entire systematic circ. system depends on?

Back 55

the combined lengths and radii of all the vessels and on whether the vessels are arranged in series or in parallel

Front 56

ADH, renin-angiotensin system, natriuretic peptides, adrenomedullin, and insulin can all alter?

Back 56

blood volume and thus blood pressure

Front 57

the tissue renin-angiotensin system is activated in response to?

Back 57

tissue injury

Front 58

type of blood pressure influenced by blood vol. within the venous system and compliance of the venous walls

Back 58

venous blood pressure

Front 59

blood flows into the coronary arteries during? why?

Back 59

diastole rather than systole;
b/c during systole the cusps of the aortic semilunar valve block the opening of the coronary arteries

Front 60

systolic contraction inhibits coronary artery flow by?

Back 60

compressing the coronary arteries