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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Granzyme B MOA
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cleaves asparagine residues and activates caspases
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Intrinsic apoptosis
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embryogenesis, hormone induction, atrophy. Changes in level of anti-apoptotic and apoptotic factors lead to increase mitochondrial permeability and the release of cytochrome C
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Extrinsic apoptosis
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ligand-receptor interactions (T-cells, NK cells) via Fas ligand binding to Fas (CD95) or ia perforin and granzyme B
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CD95
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aka Fas, binds to Fas ligand, initiates extrinsic apoptosis
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Pyknosis
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basophilia
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Karyorrhexis
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nuclear fragmentation
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Karyolysis
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nuclear fading
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Reperfusion injury
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due to damage by fre radicals
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Acute inflammation
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neutrophil, eosinophil, antibody mediated
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Chronic inflammation
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mononuclear cell mediated
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associated w/ blood vessel proliferation, fibrosis
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LDH ratio in exudate
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LDH/serum LDH > 0.6
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Protein ratio in exudate
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Fluid protein/serum protein > 0.5
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Rolling
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Vasculature: selectins
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Leukocyte: Sialyl LewisX, addressins
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Tight binding
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Vasculature: ICAM-1
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Leukocyte: LFA-1 (integrin), VLA-4
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Diapedesis
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Vasculature: PECAM-1
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Leukocyte: PECAM-1
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Migration
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C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein, N-formylmethionine
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Cytokines that stimulate expression of vasculature adhesion molecules
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IL-1, TNF
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Things that inhibit expression of adhesion molecules
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catecholamines, corticosteroids
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Free radical injury does these 3 things
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membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage
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Color of amyloid w/ H/E stain
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pink
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Chronic inflammatory amyloidosis
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AA protein derived from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)
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Senile cardiac amyloidosis
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Transthyretin protein derived from AF
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Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock vs. septic shock
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Hypovol/Cardio: Low-output, increased TPR, cold, clammy, decreased venous PO2
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Septic: high-output, decreased TPR, dilated arterioles, hot patient, increased venous PO2 (because blood is rushing by so fast that the cells can't extract the oxygen)
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Metastatic cells have increased expression of...
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laminin, integrin, DECREASED cadherin
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Carcinoma metastasis
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lympho nodes -> lymphatic duct -> hematogenous spread
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Sarcoma metastasis
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hematogenous first
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Desmoplasia
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fibrous tissue formation in response to a neoplasm
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Tuberous sclerosis tumors
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Astocytoma, angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma
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Cancer in Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
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c-kit oncogene
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
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sis oncogene
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astrocytoma
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hst-1 oncogene
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stomach cancer
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erb-B1 oncogene
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squamous cell carcinoma of LUNG
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int-2 oncogene
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bladder, cancer, breast cancer, melanoma
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cyclin-D oncogene
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breast, liver, esophageal cancer, mantle cell lymphoma
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fms oncogene
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myelodysplastic syndrome
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BRCA1
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17q, breast AND ovarian cancer
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BRCA2
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13q, breast cancer only
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p53
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17q, most human cancers
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p16
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9p, melanoma
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APC
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5q, colon cancer
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WT1
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11p, Wilms' tumor
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DPC
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18q, pancreatic cancer
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DCC
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18q, colon and gastric cancer
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Prostatic acid phosphatase
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prostate carcinoma
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CEA marker
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Carcinoembryonic antigen, colorectal and pancreatic cancer
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false CEA increase
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elevated in heavy smokers
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Yolk sac tumor is also called
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endodermal sinus tumor
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aFP
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HCC, yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma
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Alkaline phosphatase marker
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metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of bone
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Bombesin marker
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Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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CA-72-4 marker
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gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer
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HHV-8 also causes...
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body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma
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Vinyl chloride
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angiosarcoma of liver
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CCL4 is found in...and causes...
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refridgerant, cleaning agent
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centrilobular necrosis of liver
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Azo dyes
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HCC
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Paraneoplastic effects of squamous cell of lung, RCC, breast
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PTHrP, TGF-beta, TNF, IL-1
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Tumors that secrete EPO
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RCC, hemangioblastoma
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Diseases w/ decreased ESR
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sickle cell, polycythemia, CHF
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Metastasis to liver mnemonic
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Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver
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Metastasis to bone
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BLT w/ a Kosher Pickle (Breast, Lung, Testes, Thyroid, Kidney, Prostate)
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