Patho Wk 8 Questions

Front 1

urothelium, describe.

Back 1

Also called transitional epithelium, because its are halfway between square (cuboidal) and flat (squamous),

Front 2

transitional cell papilloma

Back 2

Small, early lesions of the urothelium, neoplasms.

Front 3

Transitional cell carcinoma, most common organ.

Back 3

bladder, 90% of cases.

Front 4

Low-grade tumors, transitional cell carcinomas.

Back 4

Low-grade tumors are sluggish and slow to invade, and they grow outward into the bladder lumen to resemble a head of cauliflower or broccoli.

are called papillary transitional cell carcinoma

are formed of cells that individually look much like normal transitional cells: they are well differentiated and have little cellular atypia

tend to recur

The ten-year survival for patients with low-grade carcinomas exceeds 95%.

Low-grade tumors are always papillary and are formed of cells with minimally atypical features.

Front 5

High-grade tumors, transitional cell carcinomas.

Back 5

much less likely to be papillary and are more often flat, ulcerated, or nodular, and have an aggressive microscopic appearance

Like in patients with low grade tumors, the epithelium in patients with high grade tumors also tends to develop new high-grade tumors at other sites.

The ten-year survival for high grade tumors is about 50%.

High-grade tumors tend to be flat, nodular, or ulcerated

Front 6

What microorganisms are most likely responsible for most cases of cystitis?

Back 6

cystitis is usually attributable to infection by gram-negative fecal organisms such as Escherichia coli.

Front 7

What are the physiological causes of Erectile Dysfunction?

Back 7

atherosclerotic impairment of arterial inflow, disease or injury to nerves controlling penile blood flow, hormone imbalances, or therapeutic drugs.

Front 8

Compare and contrast the different types of testicular cancer. Which is the most common? Which has the poorest prognosis?

Back 8

Most testicular neoplasms are malignant, and they are the most important cause of painless enlargement of the testis. Two main types:


Tumors of germ (sperm-producing) cells (95%); virtually all are malignant

Tumors of other cells (5%); virtually all are benign

most common testicular malignancy is seminoma, a tumor of the germ cells.

embryonal carcinoma, almost as common as seminoma, composed of primitive embryonic cells.

Front 9

What is the best way to screen for Prostate Cancer in the older male population? Explain how the occurrence increases with age

Back 9

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and Acid Phosphatase level

Nearly all men, if they live long enough, develop an enlarged prostate, or prostate cancer, or both.

Front 10

Function of Estrogen?

Back 10

Develops and maintains female reproductive structures

• Causes female secondary sex
characteristics to develop
• Fat deposits in breasts,
buttocks, and thighs
• Axillary and pubic hair
• Mammary glands
• Broadened pelvis

Front 11

Function of Progesterone?

Back 11

Prepares endometrium
for implantation

Prepares mammary glands
for lactation

Front 12

carcinoma of the cervix, cause? Place most likely to develop cancer?

Back 12

Repeated Repeated human papillomavirus (HPV) infections human papillomavirus (HPV) infections convert convert normal epithelium into increasingly severe dysplasia until malignant epithelium becomes invasive cancer.

Repeated infection with HPV is the cause of dysplasia and carcinoma of the cervix

Almost all dysplasia and cancer of the
cervix arise in the transformation zone

Front 13

How is cervical cancer diagnosed and graded?

Back 13

Grade 0-4.

0 - Carcinoma in situ
1 - Invasive, confined to cervix or uterine corpus
2 - Invasion beyone cervix but not reaching lateral pelvic wall or lower third of vagina.
3. Invasion to lateral pelvic wall or lower third of vagina.
4--entension beyond the pelvis: Involvement of bladder or rectum or distant metastasis.

Front 14

Dysplasia of the cervix is caused by what?

Back 14

HPV

Front 15

Endocervical polyps, what are they?

Back 15

are not neoplasms

protrusions of endocervical mucosa (Cervix) into the endocervical canal.

They are not premalignant.

Front 16

Prostatitis, types, and most common?

Back 16

Acute bacterial prostatitis

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis

Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis is the most is the most
common type of prostatitis; its cause is
usually not clear, but Chlamydia is often
suspected

Front 17

What percentage of elderly men have prostates enlarged by nodular hyperplasia?

Back 17

20% of 40-year-old men and 90% of
those seventy or older. However, only about 10% of
men develop clinical symptoms.

Front 18

Phases of Syphilis?

Back 18

Initial lesion is ulcer.

Untreated syphilis develops through four stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary.

The hallmark lesion of primary syphilis is the chancre, a hard, moist, painless ulcer, Appears about 2–4 weeks after infection and teems with spirochetes

Front 19

Second phase of Syphilis?

Back 19

In untreated syphilis the chancre resolves spontaneously.

75% of patients then develop secondary syphilis, a combination of lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) and skin rash that tends to occur most noticeably on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

The skin lesions swarm with infective organisms, which can be seen with darkfield microscopy. In moist areas of the body, such as the axillae, groin, inner thigh, and anogenital region, broadbased, cauliflower-like epidermal growths, condylomalata (Fig. 20-18), may develop and become quite large

Front 20

Latent syphilis, describe?

Back 20

If untreated, secondary syphilis develops into Latent syphilis.

is hidden or subclinical. The disease goes underground except for the presence of blood antisyphilis antibodies.

Latent syphilis lasts for many years, during which time T. pallidum is damaging blood vessels and brain-- becomes clinically evident later as tertiary syphilis.

(528)

Front 21

tertiary syphilis, describe?

Back 21

In about one third of patients, the disease reemerges
5–20 years later as tertiary syphilis

Most tertiary syphilis affects the cardiovascular system and usually presents as syphilitic aortitis

Inflammation of the aortic wall results in aneurysmal dilation of the proximal aorta or to dilation of the aortic root where it attaches to the heart.

Front 22

Ovarian tumor cells?

Back 22

The cell of origin of most ovarian tumors and the three main types of carcinoma of
the ovary:
–– Most arise from surface epithelial cells.
–– The three main types are serous, mucinous, and endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary.

Front 23

Most common cause of female infertility?

Back 23

Polycystic ovary syndrome