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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An allergy is an immune response to an environmental antigen. T or F
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True
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What describes a disturbance in the body's normal tolerance for self antigens?
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Autoimmunity
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Most cases of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States result from?
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Injection & body fluids during sexual intercourse
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What is a hypersensitivity response associated with antigens from another person?
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Isoimmunity
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Iatrogenic deficiencies are cuase by?
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Medical treatment
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Common allergic and anaphylactic responses are caused by which immunoglobulin (antibody)?
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IgE
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What is consistent with an IgE-mediated response to antigens?
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Reexposure to an tantigen with many antibodies binding
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The type of immunity that causes rejection of donated organs is?
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Isoimmunity
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A treatment for a patient suffering B cell deficiencies that cause antibody deficiencies is?
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Gamma globulin therapy
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Severe combined immune deficiency is caused by a lack of?
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Stem cells
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The hormone released i nthe greates quantity by the adrenal medulla is norepinephrine. T or F
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False
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Stimulation of the alpha 1 receptors will cause?
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Vasoconstriction
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Simulation of the alpha 2 receptors will cause?
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Bronchodilation
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An otherwise healthy person who faces a stressful illness with an effective coping strategy is most likely to?
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return to normal
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What are the results for an incresed systemic cortisol?
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Immunosuppresion, increased protein synthesis, increased gastric secretions
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Homeostasis can be described as a constantly changing yet steady environment. T or F
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True
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The continual synthesis and breakdown of body substances that results in homeostasis is?
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Turnover
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What catecholamine is released in response to sympathetic stimulation?
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Adrenalin, norepinephrine, & noradrenalin
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What is release by bacterial cells during their growth?
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Exotoxins
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The body's three chief lines of defense against infection and injury?
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Anatomic barriers, inflammatory response, & immune response
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The body's immune response against infection is considered?
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External, internal, specific, & nonspecific responses
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The immune response to infection develops more rapidly than the inflammatory response?
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False
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What are more like plants than animals and rarely cause serious human disease?
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Fungi
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What is a single cell organisms consisting of cytoplasm surrounded by a rigid cell membrane?
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Bacteria
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The body's anatomical barrier against infection (the skin and linings of the respiratory and digestive systems) is considered?
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An external, nonspecific barrier
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Under the ABO classification system, the universal blood donor is identified as having blood type?
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O
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Individuals with which blood type would have the anit-A antibody?
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B & C
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In order for an antigen to trigger an immune response, the antigen must have what charateristics?
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Sufficient foreignness, sufficient size, sufficient complexity, & sufficient amounts
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The antigens that help the body recognize a substance as "self" or "non-self" ar ecalled HLA (human leukocyte antigens) antigens? T or F
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True
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Antigens that can trigger the immune response are called immunogens. T or F
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True
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B lymphocytes perform what?
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Producing antibodies, confering long term immunity, developing memory, & precipitation
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T lymphocytes does what?
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Directly attack and destroy foreign antigen-bearing cells
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Humoral immunity refers to?
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Long lasting antibodies and memory cells
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What type of immunity is genetic?
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Natural
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Natual immunity requires ___ in order to function?
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A genetic makeup
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A mother passing her antibodies to her baby is an example of?
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Passive acquired immunity
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Proteins located on the surgace of many substances that enter the body and are used during the immune response to identify foreign organisms are?
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Antigens
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True statement about RH blood group.
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The RH antigens cross the placental barrier at delivery
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Chronic inflammation is any inflammation that lasts longer than two?
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Weeks
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Debridement involves?
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Dissolution of fibrin cells
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Degranulation is the process by which ___ empty granules fro their interior into the extracellular environment?
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Mast cells
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Degranulation of mast cells in initiated by?
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Physical injury, immunology process, & chemical agents
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The functions of exudates include?
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Dilute toxins released by bacteria, Bring plasma proteins an dleukocytes to the attack site, & to carry away waste products of inflammation
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Fever can occur when?
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Neutrophils and macrophages combine
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Fibroblasts are cells that secrete?
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Collagen
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Occasionally the body is unable to destroy an invader. A ___ is formed which is a walled off area that isolates the pus-filled region?
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Granuloma
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Histamine is an example of?
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Vasoactive amine
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The action of histamine during the inflammatory response is to?
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Increase capillary permeability, & increase blood flow to the injured area
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What is the action of histmaine release?
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Increased blood flow at injury site
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Leukotrienes are similar to histamines but are different in that they?
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Promote slower and longer lasting effects
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Mast cells?
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Are the chief activators of inflammation
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Mast cells activate the inflammatory response through the two funtions of?
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Degranulation and synthesis
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What is one of the effects of prostaglandin release?
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Increase permeablity, suppressed histamine release, pain, & chemotaxis
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Resolution is the?
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Restoration of normal structure and function
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The best outcome from the wound healing process is?
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resolution
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When mast cells are stimulated, they construct two substances that play important roles in inflammation called ____ and ____ during synthesis?
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Prostaglandin, & leukotriene
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The attraction of white blood cells to the site of infection is called?
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Chemotaxis
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Every human somatic cell contains how many pairs of chromosomes?
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23
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Diseases caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors are called?
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Multifactorial disorders
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Examples of immunologic disorders are?
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Rheumatic fever, allergies, asthma
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The most common endocrine disorder is?
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Diabetes mellitus
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The disease caused by genetic clotting factor deficiency is?
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Hemophilia
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A neuromuscular disorder known to be caused by a genetic defect is?
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Huntington's disease
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The supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues is called?
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Perfusion
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Cardiac output is the?
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Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
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The resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood is called?
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Afterload, or peripheral vascular resistance
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What are the three components of the circulatory system?
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Fluid, container, & pump
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The dependence on a set of conditions for oxygen movement and utilization is known as?
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The Fink principle
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One type of shock that results from an inadequate container is?
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Distributive
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Characteristics of impaired cellular metabolism in shock include impaired use of?
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Glucose
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Your patient has received a large traumatic injury. Blood pressure is normal, but the heart rate and respiratory rate are increased, and the skin is cool and clammy. Your patient is in what type of shock?
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Compensated shock
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A drop in blood pressure in the patient that is experiencing shock is called?
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Decompensated shock
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Treatment for pulmonary edema with cardiogenic shock should include?
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Elevating the patient's head and shoulders
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The type of shock resulting from arteries losing tone and dilating is known as?
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Neurogenic shock
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The progessive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to as severe illness or injury is called?
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Multiple organ dysfuntion syndrome (MODS)
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The most common presentation of MODS within the first 24 hours after resusciation includes?
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General hypermetabolic state
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MODS begins with?
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Infection
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What type of shcok matches a patient with pulmonary edema?
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Cardiogenic
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What type of shock has a patient presentation with warm and red skin?
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Neurogenic
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What type of shock has a ptient with itching and flushed skin?
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Anaphylactic
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What type of shock has a patient with a history of recent illness?
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septic
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What type of shock has patients that present with hives?
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Anaphylactic
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What type of shock has a patient with a high fever?
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Septic
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What type of shock has patients that present with classic signs of shock?
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Hypovolemic
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What type of shock presents with laryngeal edema as a complication?
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Anaphylactic
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What type of shock has patients that present with dry skin?
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Neurogenic
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What type of shock has patients with a history of diarrhea?
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Hypovolemic
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In the nucleus of your muscle cells, you have ___ chromosomes?
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46
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Hypertension is a risk factor for what?
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Stroke, Kidney disease, & cardiovascular disease
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What percentage of lung cancers in women are associated with smoking?
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70 percent
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People with genetic predispositions to certain diseases can frequently take action that modify the risk factors associated with acquiring the disease. T or F
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True
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Obesity is defined as having a body weight that is ober ideal body weight by?
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20 percent
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The death rate from disease is reported as its?
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Mortality
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The risk of acquiring heart disease for a person with a familial history of coronary artery disease is how many times greater than for someone without such a family history?
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5
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Hypoperfusion may occur with?
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Low heart rate, dilated vascular container, reduced blood volume, & excessive afterload
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When baroreceptors detect a fall in blood pressure, they cause?
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Increase in the strength of myocardial contraction
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The stretching of the myocardial wall increases the strength of cardiac contractionin the mechanism known as?
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The Frank-Starling mechanism
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A patient was shot in the abdomen and has a resultant massive hemorrhage and hypoperfusion. Intravenous therapy would help treat the hypoperfusion by?
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Increasing preload
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Hypoperfusion results in?
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Hypoxia, carbon dioxide build up, & acidosis
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A patient is presenting with hypotension, tachycardia, an dabsent radial pulses. What type of shock is this?
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Neurogenic
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The process by which glycogen is converted into glucose in the cells is?
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Glycogenolysis
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Death from MODS usually occurs after?
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21 days
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The cardiovascular container includes?
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Arteries, veins, & arterioles
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The first evidence of MODS usually presents within?
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24 Hours
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What are the conditions on which oxygen movement and utilization depends as described by the Fink Principle?
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Adequate concentration of inspired oxygen, proper tissue perfusion, & efficient off-loading of oxygen at the tissue level
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A patient is presenting with hypoperfusion, bradycardia, and warm, dry skin below the injury site. What is the most likely cause of this?
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Interruption of spinal nerve transmission
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The second stage of cellular metabolism that breaks glucose down into energy that can be used by the body requires the presence of?
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Oxygen
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The stage of shock in which medical intervention is no longer effective is?
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Irreversible shock
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What type of shock is characterized by hypotension, tachycardia, and laryngeal edema?
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Anaphylactic
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The arteriole has the ability to change its diameter up to fivfold. T or F
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True
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The final common pathway of MODS is?
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impairment of two or more organ systems
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The Kreb's cycle produces a chemical energy form used by the body that is called?
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Adenosine triphosphate
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What type of shock is due to plasma loss from burns?
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Hypovolemic
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The oxygen concentration in air within the alveoli is approximately?
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14 percent
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The nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysomes are five of the cell's most important?
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Organelles
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The thick viscous fluid that fills the cell and gives it shape is called?
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Cytoplasm, or protoplasm
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The term that is applied to the building up and tearing down of biochemical substances to produce energy is?
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Metabolism
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The body's major baroreceptors are located in the?
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Arch of the aorta
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The process in which the size of a cell decreases as a result of a decreasign workload is known as?
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atrophy
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What are the types of necrosis?
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fatty, liquefactive, coagualtive, caseous
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A positively charged ion is a?
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Cation
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A solution that contains more solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other is said to be?
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Hypertonic
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What blood components are responsible for a portion of the clotting process?
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Plasma, & platelets
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The most prevalent cation in the human body is?
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Sodium
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A common cause of metabolic alkalosis is the administration of?
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Diuretics
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The cellular environment of the human body is slighty acidic. T or F
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False
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Plasma is made up of approximately what percentage of water?
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92 percent
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An electrolyte solution of sodium chloride in water is?
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Normal saline
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Intravenouse fluids that contain proteins are called?
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Colloids
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An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased workload is known as?
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hyperplasia
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The most common cause of cellular injury is oxygen deficiency, or?
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Hypoxia
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Any charged atomic particle is called?
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Ion
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A major element of the body's atoms is?
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nitrogen
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The chemical notation for sodium chloride is?
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NaCl
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The body mechanisms working to reverse, or to compensate for, a pathophysiological process are known as a?
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Negative feedback loop
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Dehydration may be caused by internal losses such as?
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Bowel obstruction
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When a solution on one side of a semipermeable membreane is hypotonic it?
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Has a lesser concentration of solute molecules
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The pressure exerted by the concentration of solues on one side of a semipermeable membrane is?
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Osmotic pressure
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Edema is excess fluid in the?
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Interstitial space
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The fluid outside the body cells is called?
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extracellular fluid
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The total amount of water lost from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space is called?
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Net filtration
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A group of tissues functioning together is called?
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Organ
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The type of muscle tissue found encircling blood vessels is?
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Smooth muscle
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The principle buffer of the body is?
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Bicarbonate
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Impaired ventilation is the cause of?
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Respiratory acidosis
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A high concentration of hydrogen ions is known as?
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Acidosis
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Vomiting, diarrhea, or diabetes can cause?
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Metabolic acidosis
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The sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being is called?
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Organism
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The basic structural unit of all plants and animals is the?
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Cell
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The body organ system that produces most body heat is?
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Muscular
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The body organ system that is important in fighting disease and filtration is the?
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Lymphatic
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The feedback system that decreases stimulation as the target organ responds is the?
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Negative feedback loop
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Ductless or endocrine glands secrete directly into the circulatory system. T or F
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True
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The "dance with death" is a phrase associated with which signs of shock?
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Tachycardia, and hypotension
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Necrosis means?
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cell death
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