Path 3010 Exam 1

Front 1

The substrate a fungus grows on depends on...

Back 1

the enzymes the fungus contains

Front 2

Luciferin and luciferase

Back 2

pigment and enzyme catalyst in bioluminescent fungi
light attracts organisms, spreads spores

Front 3

Lignocellulose

Back 3

Fungal enzymes can breakdown this plant starch for conversion to bioethanol

Front 4

Carl Linneaus

Back 4

Father of binomial nomenclature
published "Species Plantarum"

Front 5

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

Back 5

First description (has priority) of a new fungus must be in Latin and must be in printed form
Type specimen must be collected and stored
First citation in literature must include founders name
Official starting date is 1753

Front 6

Christian H. Persoon
1781

Back 6

A mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy and is considered the founding father of modern taxonomy of mushrooms
Collected 14,000 mushrooms and named them
published
published "Synopsis methodica fungorum" (1801)

Front 7

Elias Fries

Back 7

Swedish fungus taxonomist
Published three-volume Systema mycologicum (1821–1832)

Front 8

Lewis David de Schweinitz

Back 8

was a German-American botanist and mycologist. He is considered by some the "Father of North American Mycology", also made significant contributions to botany

Front 9

E.S. Luttrell

Back 9

famous UGA mycologist

Front 10

Some Loyd guy

Back 10

Argued about people incorrectly naming puffballs
Could slob a stinkhorn
Highlighted need for system for changing scientific names of fungi when they had been improperly classified

Front 11

Reasons for changing taxonomic name for fungi

Back 11

Sexual stage was discovered and improperly described as different organism
Older name discovered (somebody named it first)
fungus originally misidentified
fungus reclassified based on genetic code
classified by ribosomal ITS
similar species are consolidated
conglomerant of mushrooms divided into individual species

Front 12

Cocoa bean Cultivation

Back 12

Grown in moist rainforest environment as undergrowth
perfect conditions for fungus

Front 13

Cocoa bean fungal diseases

Back 13

Fungal disease take 40 to 75% of cocoa beans before harvest
-blackpod disease
-witches broom disease
-frosty pod disease

Front 14

Cocoa bean fungus control

Back 14

Control disease with copper fungicides
Peasant farmers that traditionally grow cacao cannot afford

Front 15

Potato Cultivation

Back 15

Brought back from S. America by the Spanish
Europeans at first refused to eat them because they believed in Doctrine of Signatures (thought potatoes caused tumors and growths)
Grew well in rocky soil of Ireland
gave to poor Irish peasants to eat and eventually the irish diet consisted of nearly all potato

Front 16

Potato Late Blight

Back 16

Phytophthora infestans
Originally identified by Anton deBary (German Mycologist)

Front 17

Contributing factors to Potato Late Blight famine

Back 17

Phytophthora infestans prefers rainy, cold, wet conditions
Cull piles near field (place for pathogen to flourish)
genetically uniform crop (all clones of one potato)
Favorable weather
Reliance on only potatoes for food
New pathogen (no knowledge on control)

Front 18

"Trinity" by Leon Uris

Back 18

Book about potato famine and Irish family
Larkin brothers
Kitty, Aiden, and Cathal
She read excerpt of them first finding the infected potatoes in their storage cave things

Front 19

Beyond the Potato Famine (1845-1852)

Back 19

Starvation of millions of people
Death of over 1 million people
Emigration of 1.5 million people
Birth of field of plant pathology

Front 20

Second Phytophthora infestans mating type

Back 20

Until 1980, only one mating type (US-1) present in Europe
other mating types (A1-A2) found ONLY in Mexico
In 1980, other mating types moved into Europe and rest of world

Front 21

Bordeaux

Back 21

Copper and lime mixture used to treat grape fungal disease
First broad spectrum fungicide

Front 22

Powdery Mildew

Back 22

Fungal disease of grape
1st described in eastern N. America (1834)
Limited to damage to native vines
Identified in England in 1845 in greenhouse by some Tucker fellow
1850- Powdery mildew spreads throughout Europe. Severe damage to European wine grape
1859- Powdery mildew first reported in California
1866- Powdery mildew described in Australia

Front 23

Phylloxera Nymphs

Back 23

Insects that feeds on roots and vines
N. American roots were resistant to nymphs
N. American roots were grafted on to European grape vines to create resistant European grapes (still done today)
1863- Phylloxera epidemic begins in France

Front 24

Downy Mildew

Back 24

1878- Downy mildew epidemic begins in France
North American origins

Front 25

3 Diseases of Grape

Back 25

Powdery Mildew (1845) -> Phylloxera (1865) -> Downy Mildew (1878)

North American origins for all three pests

Front 26

Mycology

Back 26

The study of fungi

Front 27

Characteristics of fungi

Back 27

- Cells have nucleus/nuclei
- Unique cell wall chemistry
- layer of chitin modified w/ nitrogen followed by a layer of beta glucan
- no cellulose
- No chlorophyll
- Simple morphology
- tubular cells called hyphae
- Reproduce by spores

Front 28

Carl Woese

Back 28

- Classified extremophiles based on RNA sequences instead of physical characteristics
- Used ribosomal RNA because:
- abundant in cells
- Easy to separate from other cell contents

Front 29

Originally 7 phyla of fungi

Back 29

- Myxomycota
- Oomycota
- Chritridiomycota
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Fungi Imperfecti

Front 30

Oomycota (water molds)

Back 30

Different from true fungi
- Cell walls have cellulose
- Swimming spores with 2 types of flagella

Front 31

Myxomycota (slime molds)

Back 31

Different from true fungi
- cells have no cell walls

Front 32

True Fungi (Eumycota)

Back 32

- Chytridiomycota (Blastocladiomycota and Neocallimastigomycota)
- Zygomycota
- Glomeromycota (new in 2001)
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Microsporidia (new in 2008)

Front 33

Growth Conditions

Back 33

- Sunlight subdued because UV is toxic to most fungi
- Temp usually between 32-90 degF
- pH range 6-8
- High humidity but low free water
EXCEPTIONS FOR ALL CONDITIONS

Front 34

Stimulus for spore production

Back 34

- Change in day length
- Food becomes scarce
- Change in moisture

Front 35

Asexual reproduction

Back 35

spores produced by extension and cleavage of specialized hyphal cells

Front 36

Sexual production

Back 36

spores produced after fusion of compatible hyphae

Front 37

Fungus enzymes

Back 37

Especially effective in attacking
- cellulose
- lignin
- pectin

Front 38

Prototaxites

Back 38

-Abundant during the late Silurian to Devonion period: 370-420 million years ago
- Before complex land plants or plant-eating animals, including dinosaurs.
- Fossils widespread in Northern Hemisphere; Saudi Arabia to Canada

Front 39

Wind aided spore dispersal

Back 39

-Billions of spores produced because of low chance for successfull colonization
- Spores are very small
- Spores that stay in air for long periods of time usually have thicker cell walls and pigments to protect against UV rays.

Front 40

Aids to spore dispersal

Back 40

- Wind
- Rain splash
- Surface water
- Animals
- Self propelled (flagellated spores or shot out of spore packet)

Front 41

Basidiospores

Back 41

Spores produced on the basidium in the gills of a fungus in the basidiomycota phylum

Front 42

Aero-Aquatic fungi

Back 42

Live and grow underwater in vernal pools or small ponds but produce spores above the surface

Front 43

Pilobolus

Back 43

- Also know as hat-thrower fungus
- Fastest organism on the planet
- Expells spores faster than a bullet