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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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E.O Wilson and Robert MacArthur contribution?
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island biogeography
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Joseph Grinnell
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niche theory
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Tinbergen and Lorenz
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ethology
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Ernst Mayr
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ornithologish - speciation, biological species concept
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Economic Importance
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pest control
pollination seed dispersal crop consumer |
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furcula?
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fused clavicles
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evidence of reptilian ancestry
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single occipital condyle
single stapes similar lower jaw ankle bones scales few skin glands similar brain structure |
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what are birds most closely related to on the phylogenetic tree?
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crocodiles
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What is the most important fossil ever found?
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Archaeopterx
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What are the bird features of the Archaeopterx?
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feathers
furcula large brain inner ear morphology |
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What are the characteristics that Archaeopterx has in common with reptiles?
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teeth
tail structure 'weak' sternum/ribs articulation of the pelvic bones |
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What are some characteristics shared by theropods and birds?
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orientation of the pubis bone
clavicles fused into a furcula flexible wrists -- allows for folding of the wings large orbits hollow, thin-walled bones genome size |
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What are some problems with the theropod ancester story?
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timing, dinosaurs were here 180 mya, therapods that were here 180 mya don't look like birds, the first theropods that looked like birds were 80 mya
also embryonic digit development |
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Evidence that Archaeopterx could fly.
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furcula
feathers enlarged cerebellum wing shape fossils found in marine sediments |
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Evidence against Archaeopterx flight.
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general skeleton - heavy
no supracoracoideus lacked airsac openings |
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what is the supracoracoideus?
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the muscle in birds that elevates wings
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What is the arboreal hypothesis?
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climbing to leaping to parachuting to gliding to true flight
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What is the parental care hypothesis?
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early birds nested on the ground
scales evolved into feathers for insulation or camoflauge birds bean nesting in small trees and used claws to climb |
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What is some evidence for the arboreal hypothesis?
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claws on the wings (climbing trees)
arboreal pathway is also the pathway that other flying invertebrates took microrapter |
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What is some evidence against the arboreal hypothesis?
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general skeleton
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What is the cursorial hypothesis?
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running to bipedal to chasing prey to use forelimbs to catch prey to true flight
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What is the Jesus-Christ hypothesis?
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archaeopterx could run across water from island to island
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WAIR (wing assisted inclined running) evidence for?
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general skeleton
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WAIR evidence against?
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all the evidence for cursorial hypothesis - pelvic girdle is not supportive of fast running
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When and during what time period did birds first appear?
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150 mya during the Jurassic, Mesozoic
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What is Rahonavis?
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135-165 mya
reversed hallux Madagascar |
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What is Jeholornis?
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-120 mya
China strong flyer |
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What is Confuciusornis?
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early crestaceous (-120 mya)
toothless had a pygostyle |
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What is a pygostyle?
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fused vertebrate where tail feathers attach to bottom
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What is enantiornithes?
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'opposite' birds
direction of toe fusion is opposite no uncinate processes |
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What are characteristics that Enantiornithes share with Arcaeopterx?
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teeth
feathers pelvic girdle |
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What are characteristics that Enantiornithes share with modern birds?
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pygostyle
large sternum, keel, coracoid supracoracoideus |
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what is a pygostyle?
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fused vertabrate where tail feathers attach to bottom
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What are two examples of Enantiornithes?
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Sinornis and Iberomesornis
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What is Ornithurae?
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modern birds, came at the same time Enantiornithes, mostly marine
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What are some examples of Ornithurae?
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Hesperornis (90-75 mya)
Ichthyornis (95-85 mya) Neornithes |
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What are Neornithes?
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the common ancestor of all extant birds and all descendants. lack of teeth and unique tibiotarsus
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What is timing of Bird Diversification?
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vegaris - related to chickens and ducks (66-68 mya)
new penguin fossils (61-62 mya) |
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How does flight make birds sucessful?
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long distance movement (migration)
opens up new feeding modes (diet specializations) aerial feeding |
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What is sallying?
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sit and wait for prey
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What is screening?
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feeding while flying
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What do birds need for flight?
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reduce weight
increase power increase aerodynamic design |
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Where is most of the bird's weight placed?
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center of gravity
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What is the skeletal structure of birds?
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very lightweight bones
no teeth no bony tail (pygostyle) fusion of bones |
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What is a synsacrum?
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fused vertebrate to which pelvic girdle is fused
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What is the integumentary system?
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feathers good for insulation and flight
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How does the Nervous system help?
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enlarged optic lobe
enlarged cerebellum |
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How does the Sensory system of birds help flight?
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eyes are very large and have a forward orientation
oil droplets in retinas (allow birds to hone in on color differences) |
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How does the muscle system help birds flight?
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lack of heavy jaw
lack of heavy back muscles enlarged pectoralis (10-40%) supracoracoideus |
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How does the respiratory system help?
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air sac system
one-way airflow in lungs (more O per breath) |
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How does the circulatory system help birds fly?
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large hearts (1.5 - 2 x larger than mammals)
red blood cells - transport O2 small capillaries high concentration of red muscle fibers |
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How does the excretory system help birds fly?
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no urinary bladder
utilize uric acid birds concentrate uric acid in cloaca just prior to defecation |
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Does does the digestive system help birds fly?
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eat high energy foods
rapid digestion |
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What is cycle of food?
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esophagus - proventriculus - gizzard - intestines
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How does the reproductive system help birds fly?
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mass of gonads can change 1000x (seasonal regression)
no live births |
