Organ Systems: Quiz 2 Cvs3

Front 1

Cardiac valves

Back 1

thin flaps of flexible tough endothelium lined fibrous tissue.

Front 2

AV Valves

Back 2

tricuspid and mitral valves. There is overlap of flaps during closure.

Front 3

Semilunar Valves

Back 3

Aortic & pulmonary subjected to high pressures and a high velocity of blood ejection

Front 4

Lub =

Back 4

S1 Mitral valve closes

Front 5

Dub =

Back 5

S2 Aortic semilunar valve closes

Front 6

Auscultation

Back 6

Listening to the sounds of the body, usually with the aid of a stethoscope

Front 7

Heart Sounds

Back 7

Result from vibrations created by the moving valves and the moving heart chambers & moving blood.(Lub Dub). Gives indication of condition of the heart. During sedation for dental procedures, you listen to them both before and after procedure.

Front 8

S1

Back 8

1st sound is lub & corresponds to closure of AV valves. Occurs at the start of ventricular systole.

Front 9

S2

Back 9

2nd sound is dub & corresponds to closure of semi lunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves. Occurs at the beginning of isovolumetric relaxation.

Front 10

S3

Back 10

(3rd): turbulence due to ventricular filling.

Front 11

S4

Back 11

(4th) turbulence due to atrial systole or ventricular filling

Front 12

Why do you inhale while your physician listens to your heart?

Back 12

Inspiration is linked to 1. increased venous return 2. increased right ventricle stroke volume. 3. decreased pulmonary vascular resistance. These changes amplify murmurs.

Front 13

Murmurs

Back 13

abnormal heart sounds produced by turbulence of blood flow Ex. A hole in your heart

Front 14

Diastolic murmur

Back 14

regurgitating aortic valve

Front 15

Systolic murmur

Back 15

regurgitating mitral valve

Front 16

Valve lesions

Back 16

systemic diseases e.g. (Rheumatic fever) inflammation of heart valves and becomes scar tissue

Front 17

Stenosis

Back 17

narrow opening from fusion of valve flaps so blood flow is more turbulent.

Front 18

Regurgitation

Back 18

when valve flaps are compromised and don’t completely close… there will be back flow.

Front 19

Phonocardiogram

Back 19

A recording in which heart sounds appear as waves. A microphone that detects low-frequency sound is placed on the chest, and the sounds are amplified and recorded by a high-speed recording apparatus.

Front 20

Rheumatic Fever-Dentistry

Back 20

Scar tissue formed has a high potential for infection. Dental procedures can cause bacteremia. No longer require prophylactic antibiotics for all cases.

Front 21

Echocardiogram

Back 21

ultrasound of the heart for structure and function, e.g., measures cardiac output.

Front 22

**The beating heart normally makes four sounds. What are they?

Back 22

Two (S1 and S2) are audible and two (S3 and S4) are usually inaudible. The heart may make other sounds including murmurs or clicks.

Front 23

**S1

Back 23

First heart sound is lub and it occurs at the start of ventricular systole-closure of AV valve.

Front 24

**S2

Back 24

Second heart sound is dub. It occurs at the beginning of isovolumetric relaxation phase of systole when the aortic and pulmonary valves close.

Front 25

**S3

Back 25

3rd heart sound is a turbulence due to filling of the ventricles.

Front 26

**S4

Back 26

4th heart sound is a turbulence due to atrial systole or filling of the ventricles

Front 27

**Electrocardiogram or ECG are recordings of?

Back 27

cardiac action potentials**

Front 28

**ECG

Back 28

record of voltages from the surface of the thorax produced by the action potential of myocytes. A. - & + electrodes. B. Extracellular electrodes record a potential difference only when part of heart is depolarized or repolarized

Front 29

**Normal Sinus Rhythm ECG

Back 29

1. The spread of action potential is recorded in an ECG 2. P wave- depolarization of atria 3. QRS complex- depolarization of ventricle 4. T wave – repolarization of ventricle.

Front 30

P wave

Back 30

depolarization of atria

Front 31

QRS complex

Back 31

depolarization of ventricle

Front 32

T wave

Back 32

repolarization of ventricle.

Front 33

Atria repolarization is buried in the?

Back 33

QRS so you can’t see it

Front 34

P-R interval is the conduction of?

Back 34

the SA/AV conduction, this increases when Parasympathetic control.

Front 35

QRST is the?

Back 35

contraction of the ventricles

Front 36

Where we place the leads in an ECG (+/-) can have what impact?

Back 36

It can change the way the reading projects

Front 37

In a Normal ECG. P wave depolarization of atria is end of?

Back 37

P wave – all cells depolarized.

Front 38

In a Normal ECG. QRS complex depolarization of ventricle shorter than?

Back 38

P wave.

Front 39

In a Normal ECG. T wave

Back 39

repolarization of ventricle from epicardium to endocardium.

Front 40

In a Normal ECG. ST-segment

Back 40

voltage expected to be flat (MI has current of injury

Front 41

In a Normal ECG. R-R interval reflects?

Back 41

heart rate (60 sec /RR sec)

Front 42

In a Normal ECG. P-R interval is?

Back 42

0.12-0.21 s, measured from beginning of p to beginning of QRS & reflects AV-node propagation

Front 43

ECG is a diagnostic tool. What are the ways we can use it?

Back 43

1. Rate- normal, tachycardia or bradycardia 2. Intervals- evaluates conduction system 3. Rhythm- arrhythmias

Front 44

Elevated ST segment indicates?

Back 44

injury. lead is diagnostic through vector analysis.

Front 45

A heart with an ischemic region on its inferior surface. The injured region causes a current of injury that shifts the?

Back 45

ST segment above the baseline. The location of the injured region can be determined by vector analysis of the ECG traces.

Front 46

Hypertrophy

Back 46

cells grow and fill in

Front 47

Sinus Tachycardia

Back 47

100 beats or more per minute

Front 48

Sinus Bradycardia

Back 48

60 beats or less per minute

Front 49

The athlete's heart pumps a large stroke volume output per beat even during periods of rest. The excessive quantities of blood pumped into the arterial tree with each beat initiate?

Back 49

feedback circulatory reflexes or other effects to cause bradycardia when the athlete is at rest. This is not dangerous.

Front 50

The causes of cardiac arrhythmias are abnormalities caused by ischemia - scar tissue – calcification – inflammation. This leads to what?

Back 50

1. Abnormal rhythmicity of the pacemaker 2. Shift of pacemaker from sinus node 3. Blocks at different points in the transmission of the cardiac impulse 4. Abnormal pathways of transmission in the heart 5. Spontaneous generation of abnormal impulses from any part of the heart

Front 51

Relationship of P to QRS waves: 1st degree block- PR interval is?

Back 51

↑ (>0.21 s).

Front 52

Relationship of P to QRS waves: 2nd degree block

Back 52

P wave not always followed by QRS complex . (refractory period of Purkinje fibers limits rate to <200/min)

Front 53

Relationship of P to QRS waves: 3rd degree block

Back 53

dissociation of P & QRS complex.

Front 54

Relationship of P to QRS waves: A Short PR interval is indicative of?

Back 54

Wolf Parkinson White Syndrome (<0.12 s).

Front 55

AV Block 1st degree

Back 55

little wave to small wave becomes longer

Front 56

AV Block 2nd degree

Back 56

p wave not followed by QRS

Front 57

AV Block 3rd degree

Back 57

dissociation of p waves and QRS’s

Front 58

PR interval is an index of?

Back 58

atrioventricular depolar?

Front 59

Abnormal conditions of the ventricles: Prolonged QRS complex

Back 59

Purkinje fibers - bundle branch block and ventricular muscle damage.

Front 60

Abnormal conditions of the ventricles: ST segment elevation

Back 60

ischemia and myocardial infarction.

Front 61

Abnormal conditions of the ventricles: T wave

Back 61

abnormal when repolarization does not occur normally.

Front 62

Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) are often wider than normal QRS have no p wave and see a compensatory pause. Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach) is a?

Back 62

high rate originating in the ventricles.

Front 63

Lidocaine used to decrease arrhythmias is in the same class of drugs as the?

Back 63

“novacaines”

Front 64

Current of Injury

Back 64

Damaged cardiac muscle remains partially or totally depolarized all the time. Injured muscle emits negative charges throughout each heart beat.

Front 65

What are the Causes of current of injury?

Back 65

(1) local ischemia (2) mechanical trauma (3) infection.

Front 66

Relative Refractory Period prevents?

Back 66

defibrillation.

Front 67

Circus Pathway to Fibrillation.

Back 67

Increased pathway of conduction due to heart dilation. Decreased conduction rate through the AV node….ischemia/damage to conduction pathway. Shortened refractory period: epinephrine nor-epinephrine

Front 68

Heart disease à circus movement takes longer to get through the whole heart and the heart muscle quivers instead. Can happen in?

Back 68

atrium and ventricles

Front 69

Fibrillation

Back 69

there are no p waves and the SA node isn’t working right.

Front 70

Atrial fibrillation

Back 70

there is no rhythm

Front 71

Ventricular fibrillation

Back 71

you pass out and if lasts 4-5 seconds you will die if something isn’t done.

Front 72

Atrial Fibrillation

Back 72

The P waves are absent and see irregular low voltage wavy record. R-R interval & HR are irregular.

Front 73

Ventricular fibrillation

Back 73

loss of QRS and see wavy record. In 4-5 sec patient becomes unconscious. Ventricle does not contract & so no cardiac output. All coordinated electrical activity is lost.

Front 74

Defibrillation

Back 74

passes large currents through the heart to make all cells refractory so Normal Sinus Rhythm can resume.

Front 75

Astystole

Back 75

no Heart rhythm

Front 76

**Deflections in the ECG correspond to?

Back 76

electrical events on the heart. Action potentials in cardiac cells create extracellular voltages which are conducted to the body surface.

Front 77

**The P wave represents atrial depolarization. the QRS complex represents?

Back 77

ventricular depolarization; the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.

Front 78

**The PR interval is influenced by?

Back 78

the conduction time in the AV node.

Front 79

**The QT interval is influenced by?

Back 79

the duration of ventricular action potentials and conduction time over the ventricle.

Front 80

**Myocardial ischemia can produce a current of injury that moves the ST segment?

Back 80

off of the baseline.

Front 81

**The heart rate can be determined from?

Back 81

the R-R interval.

Front 82

**Failure of conduction through the AV node causes?

Back 82

heart block.

Front 83

**Ectopic foci cause?

Back 83

premature contractions of the heart.

Front 84

**Electrical Impulses can reenter to cause?

Back 84

fibrillations.

Front 85

Defibrillation

Back 85

large DC current applied through thoracic cavity stops fibrillation as entire heart is put into refractory period