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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which years did Victimization Surveys gain popularity?
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The 1970's.
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What are the purposes of Victimization Surveys?
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It tried to decipher who was victimized, who did the victimizing, where and when it occurred, how often it had happened and the relationship between the offender and victim.
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What year was the Lifestyle Exposure Theory introduced and by who?
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1978 by Hindelang, Gottfredson and Garofalo.
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The Lifestyle Exposure Theory focuses on...
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The lifestyle of Individuals. When and where people go, what they do, who they socialize with and who they meet.
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Offenders don't select victims at random; instead, they follow similar lifestyle patterns to their victims in terms of... (4 things)
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Age, gender, social class and ethnic origins.
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2004 GSS found that violent victimization were highest for young people between _____ and lowest for those over age ____.
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1st blank: 15-24.
2nd blank: 65. |
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The Routine Activities Theory was introduced by who and in what year?
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1979 by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson.
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The Routine Activities Theory is similar to what other theory? Also, what are both these surveys based on?
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The Lifestyle Exposure Theory. Both of these theories are based on Victimization Surveys.
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What is the purpose of Routine Activities Theory?
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It was to investigate why crime rates were drastically rising between the years 1960's and 1970's.
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The three main elements for direct contact predatory violation are...
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A motivated offender, a suitable target and the absence of a capable guardian.
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Routines Activity Theorists, Lifestyle Exposure Theorists and Environmental Criminologists all argue that crime is caused less by _____ and more by _____.
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1st blank: Economic deprivation
2nd blank: Economic prosperity |
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Routines Activity Theory and Lifestyle Exposure Theory are distinct to which two other theories? Explain those theories.
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1. Merton's Strain Theory: crime caused by a block opportunity (ex. Incapable of achieving "the American Dream".
2. Shaw and McKay's Social Disorganization Theory: linking people to the characteristics of their neighbourhood and subculture of what is acceptable and unacceptable (Ex. Run-down Neighbourhood vs. Wealthy Neighbourhood). |
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In Social inequality and victimization, Cohen, Klugel and Land argue that property crime is motivated by economic desire and opportunity. True or False?
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True.
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In Social inequality and victimization, Cohen, Klugel and Land argue that low income rates/unemployment have measurable effects on victimization. True or False?
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True.
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In Social inequality and victimization, Cohen, Klugel and Land argue that individuals with higher income are able to avoid victimization by reducing their exposure to offenders through enhanced guardianship measures. True or False?
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True.
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Name and explain the first two features of Marcus Felson's Metroreef.
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1. Dispersion of Construction: Diversity of architect. (Ex. More single family homes, low rise buildings on large lots, large, spacious parking lots).
2. Proliferating Households. (Ex. The elderly living on their own, teenagers moving out and settling by themselves). |
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Name and explain the last two features of Marcus Felson's Metroreef.
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3. Spreading of people over many vehicles.
4. Dispersing activities away from home. (Ex. People travel further to shop, to work, to play). |
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What is Crime as Interaction?
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Crime is seen as a "joint product" in which the offender and victim interacts. Actions may provoke a certain reaction, thus escalating the criminal event.
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What are Best Luckenbill's three types of deviant transactions?
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1. Individual Deviance: A crime that can be committed by a single person. (Ex. Doing drugs).
2. Deviant Exchange: A transaction between two voluntarily individuals. (Ex. Selling drugs). 3. Deviant Exploitation: An illicit transaction that uses stealth, trickery or force in compelling a victim to surrender goods. (Ex. Robbery, fraud). |
