Nutrition: Unit 1, Part 3

Front 1

What are the four functions of the integumentary system?

Back 1

1) Protect
2) Regulate temperature
3) Prevent water loss
4) Produce a substance that converts to vitamin D

Front 2

What are the four functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 2

1) Remove foreign substances from blood and lymph
2) Combat disease
3) Maintain tissue balance
4) Fat absorption

Front 3

What is extracellular fluid?

Back 3

Fluid that delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells from the capillaries.

Front 4

What vitamin plays a key role in myelin formation?

Back 4

Vitamin B-12

Front 5

What is myelin?

Back 5

A lipoprotein that wraps around nerve fibers, acting like insulating material.

Front 6

What are the six types of taste?

Back 6

1) Sweet
2) Sour
3) Salty
4) Bitter
5) Umami
6) Water

Front 7

Cell Basics (3)

Back 7

1) Turnover (i.e. are replaced)
2) Require energy (adenosine triphosphate)
3) Require nutrients

Front 8

Cell Major Structures (3)

Back 8

1) Cell Membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Organelles

Front 9

Cell Membrane Construction

Back 9

A double layer of phospolipids (lipid, CHO
and protein), which have fat-soluble ends that face each other and are embedded in the internal part of the membrane. Also contains cholesterol for stability and carbohydrate strands for identification purposes.

Front 10

Types of Organelles (6)

Back 10

1) Mitochondria -- Power plant
2) Cell Nucleus -- Contains DNA codebook
3) Endoplasmic Reticulum -- outer membrane of nucleus, rough, responsible for lipid synthesis and some calcium storage
4) Golgi complex -- sacs within the cytoplasm that package proteins for secretion
5) Lysosomes -- sacs of enzymes for digestion
6) Peroxisomes -- Enzymes that detoxify, play a small part in alcohol metabolism

Front 11

True or False:
All body cells have mitochondria.

Back 11

False: Red blood cells do not have mitochondria.

Front 12

Types of Tissues (4)

Back 12

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous

Front 13

Types of Absorption in S. I. (4)

Back 13

1) Passive
2) Active
3) Facilitated
4) Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

Front 14

Types of Enzymes and functions (6)

Back 14

1) Salivary Amylase
Digests starch
2) Lysosyme
Kills bacteria
3) Pepsin
Digests Protein
4) Intrinsic Factor
Digests B-12
5) Protein
Used within cells
6) Sucrase
Lines S.I., helps metabolize sucrose

Front 15

Hormones important in digestion (6)

Back 15

1) Insulin
2) Glucogen, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
3) Thyroxene

Front 16

Where is Insulin produced, where is it active and what is its function?

Back 16

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas. It works
within the bloodstream to allow glucose to pass from the blood to the muscle and adipose cells. In the liver, it triggers the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage.

Front 17

What to glucogen, epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

Back 17

Increase blood glucose

Front 18

Summarize the mechanical and chemical changes that take place during digestion and sites where they occur.

Back 18

Mouth -- Food is broken down by the teeth and moistened by saliva (salt, water and mucus for lubrication). Amylase, or starch-digesting chemicals, are also released.

Esophagus -- Mucus is secreted to provide lubrication

Stomach -- Food is further digested by acid and mixed. Pepsin is released to digest protein.

Pancreas -- Food doesn't physically go here, but the pancreas releases enzymes to digest CHO, PRO and FAT and bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic content of food before it enters the intestines

Liver -- Food doesn't physically go here, but it secretes bile, lecithin and cholesterol to emulsify fats. More bicarbonate is also secreted to neutralize acid.

Small Intestine -- Major nutrient absorption occurs here. Certain enzymes are added to aid in the absorption of particular nutrients like glucose. More salt, water and mucus is secreted to aid in lubrication.

Large Intestine -- Sodium, potassium and water is absorbed. The remnant is solidified into fecal matter and stored for elimination.

Front 19

Describe the parts of the gastrointestinal tract (6) including accessory organs (3).

Back 19

Mouth
Esophagus uses peristalsis to move food down to
Stomach is a four cup holding tank that uses acid and pepsin to break down food and digest protein and assists in the absorption of calcium, makes dietary minerals soluble. The only nutrient absorbed by the stomach is alcohol. It produces chyme, which is released into the small intestine about a tsp at a time by the pyloric sphincter.
Small intestine is narrow but folded to pack in TONS of surface area. Home to cell clusters called villi that absorb most of the nutrients in food. The constant traffic means that cells wear out fast, resulting in rapid cell turn over and a high need for nutrients.
Large intestine has no villi or enzymes because little digestion occurs here. Trace minerals, potassium and water are absorbed, but its major function is to concentrate, move and store undigested matter. Bacteria thrive here and aid in digestive process producing vitamins K and () that are digested by the body.
Rectum stores stool remains for elimination.

Accessory Organs:
Liver filters unwanted substances from blood that has come into contact with digested food.
Gallbladder stores bile
Pancreas secretes glucogen and insulin.

Front 20

Identify enzymes that catalyze digestive processes

Back 20

Salivary amylaze to break down simple sugars
Lysosyme to kill bacteria
Pepsin to digest protein
Intrinsic factor for B-12
Proteins speed chemical reactions within cells

Front 21

Describe hormones important in digestion, their functions, sites of release, and sites of action.

Back 21

Insulin released by pancreas-- in the bloodstream: allows glucose to move from blood to muscle and adipose cells; in liver: stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Epinepherine, Norepinepherine, Glucagon -- increase blood glucose
Thyroxin -- Regulates metabolism from thyroid

Front 22

What are the 12 organ systems of the body?

Back 22

1) Cardiovascular
2) Lymphatic
3) Nervous
4) Endocrine
5) Immune
6) Digestive
7) Urinary
8) Integumentary
9) Skeletal
10) Muscular
11) Respiratory
12) Reproductive

Front 23

What is the difference between active absorption and passive diffusion of nutrients?

Back 23

Passive diffusion results when there is a higher concentration of a nutrient within the cavity of the lumen than in the absorptive cells. The difference in nutrition drives the nutrient into the cells with no effort from the cell. Active absorption requires a carrier protein (enzyme) and energy output on the cells part in order for the nutrient to be absorbed.

Front 24

Identify the two accessory organs that empty their contents into the small intestine. How do the digestive substances secreted by these organs contribute to the digestion of food?

Back 24

1) The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to break down sugars. It also releases bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of chyme.
2) The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. When bile is released into the S.I., fats within the chyme are lifted away and broken down.

Front 25

List major sites of absorption for different nutrients.

Back 25

1) Stomach -- Absorbs a little protein
2) Small Intestine -- Absorbs most nutrients
3) Large Intestine -- Absorbs water, minerals and products from bacterial breakdown of fiber

Front 26

What are the purpose of rugae?

Back 26

They are folds in the stomach that allow it to expand.

Front 27

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Back 27

1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum