Nutrition

Front 1

What are the 4 forms of energy our bodies use and how do our bodies use each form?

Back 1

Chemical – stored in body from food sources
Electrical – in brain, changed from chemical to electrical for transmitting nerve impulses and carrying out brain activities
Mechanical – when muscles contract
Thermal – regulation of body temperature

Front 2

What is the chemical compound that provides immediate energy to the cell?

Back 2

ATP, adenosine triphosphate

Front 3

What is an enzyme and a coenzyme?

Back 3

Enzyme – complex protein produced by living cells that acts as a catalyst to speed up the rate of chemical reactions
Coenzyme – partner in assisting the enzyme in completing the reaction; many are vitamins & minerals

Front 4

What are anabolism and catabolism?

Back 4

Anabolism – metabolic process for building body tissue
Catabolism – metabolic process for breaking down body tissue

Front 5

What dies BRM stand for and what does it measure ?

Back 5

Basal Metabolic Rate – amount of energy required to maintain the resting body’s internal activities after an overnight fast with the subject awake

Front 6

What does TEF stand for and what does it measure ?

Back 6

Thermal Effect of Food – body heat produced by food; the amount of energy required to digest and absorb food and transport nutrients to the cells. This work accounts for approx. 10% of the day’s total energy (kilocalorie) requirement

Front 7

What are the 3 body types ?

Back 7

1. ectomorph – generally slender and fragile
2. mesomorph –prominent muscle and bone development
3. endomorph – soft, round physique and body fat

Front 8

What is the minimum % of body fat that supports reproduction in women ?

Back 8

20% body fat

Front 9

What is BMI and how is it calculated?

Back 9

Body Mass Index – the usual measurement to define overweight and obesity; body weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters OR 703 multiplied by body weight in pounds divided by height in inches squared

Front 10

What body shape is at greatest risk for disease ?

Back 10

Apple (android) shape = fat around the abdomen

Front 11

What is anorexia nervosa ?

Back 11

A psychiatric eating disorder caused by a morbid fear of fat in which distorted body image is reflected as fat when actually the body is malnourished and thin from self starvation

Front 12

What is bulimia nervosa ?

Back 12

A psychiatric eating disorder in which cycles of gorging on large quantities of food are followed by self-induced vomiting and use of diuretics and laxatives to maintain “normal” body weight.

Front 13

Define underweight and overweight.

Back 13

underweight = BMI < 18.5 , body fat % < 13 (men) and < 23 (women)
overweight = BMI 25-29.9, body fat % 21-25 (men) and 31-37 (women)

Front 14

What are the 3 components that identify obesity as a disease ?

Back 14

1. cause – imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure
2. clinical signs and symptoms – i.e. increased fatness that is visible to the eye
3. pathopysiology – presence of some unique features that allow one to diagnose it under a microscope at an autopsy examination, or by defined blood tests

Front 15

What is the BMI requirement to be eligible for bariatric surgery ?

Back 15

BMI > 40

Front 16

What is the hormone that is related to the amount of fat in the body ?

Back 16

Leptin

Front 17

When does weight gain occur ?

Back 17

When caloric intake exceeds expenditure

Front 18

Name one factor that enhances the release of peptides that produce hunger ?

Back 18

Sleep deprivation

Front 19

People with pre diabetes may avoid development of full blown type 2 diabetes if they lose ?

Back 19

5-10% of total body weight

Front 20

Name the 4 fat soluble vitamins.

Back 20

A, D, E, K

Front 21

The B vitamins serve what function ?

Back 21

B6 - coenzyme in more than 100 amino acid reactions involving the synthesis of important proteins
B12 – participates in amino acid metabolism and the formation of the heme portion of the hemoglobin. It is also involved in the synthesis of important lipids and proteins that form the myelin sheath that covers the nerves of the brain & spinal cord.

Front 22

What is the deficiency associated with the following :

Back 22

VIT C – scurvy
VIT E – hemolytic anemia
VIT D – rickets (children) , osteomalacia (adults)
Niacin – pellagra
Folate – megoblastic anemia
Iodine – cretinism

Front 23

What are the differences between vitamins and minerals ?

Back 23

Vitamins are complex organic molecules that serve primarily as coenzymes or regulators of body metabolism, especially energy metabolism. Mineral are simple elements with important roles in both structure and function.

Front 24

What is the major function of the following :
calcium

Back 24

blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction & relaxation, cell membrane permeability, enzyme activation

Front 25

What is the major function of the following :
VIT K

Back 25

blood clotting, bone metabolism

Front 26

What is the major function of the following :
VIT D

Back 26

calcium and phosphorus absorption, calcitrol is major hormone regulator of bone mineral metabolism, possible role in muscle function and control of cell growth

Front 27

What is the major function of the following :
VIT C

Back 27

antioxidant, builds and maintains many body tissues including bone matrix, cartilage, dentin, collagen, connective tissue; supports general body metabolism, makes iron available for hemoglobin synthesis and controls conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine

Front 28

What is the major function of the following :
phosphorus

Back 28

absorption of glucose and glycerol, transport of fatty acids, energy metabolism, buffer system

Front 29

What is the major function of the following :
zinc

Back 29

participates in many metabolic activities as a component of over 100 different enzymes and a factor in growth, closely involved in DNA and RNA metabolism and protein synthesis, and is necessary for tissue growth to progress at normal rates

Front 30

What is the major function of the following :
selenium

Back 30

integral part of an antioxidant enzyme that protects cells and lipid membranes from oxidative damage

Front 31

What is the major function of the following :folate

Back 31

general metabolism, coenzyme that attaches single carbons to metabolic compounds, needed for cell division and the transmission of inherited traits, and for heme to transport O₂ and CO₂ in the blood

Front 32

Where is the greatest concentration of sodium found ?

Back 32

extracellular fluids

Front 33

Iron has an important metabolic function in ?

Back 33

Hemoglobin synthesis and O₂ transport

Front 34

What is the percentage of water in the average person’s body ?

Back 34

55-60% men
50-55% women

Front 35

What are the 4 major functions in digestion and absorption?

Back 35

1)receives food 2) releases nutrients from food 3) delivers nutrients into the blood 4) excretes nondigestible wastes

Front 36

What is the function of the esophagus ?

Back 36

connects the mouth and throat to the stomach and serves as a channel to carry the food mass into the body

Front 37

What is the function of the small intestine ?

Back 37

chemical digestion, excretion of digestive enzymes, absorption of nutrients

Front 38

What is the function of the colon ?

Back 38

Absorption of H₂O

Front 39

Define prebiotics

Back 39

indigestible carbohydrates, mostly polysaccharides, which promote the growth of lactobacilli and bifidibacteria; types of bacteria with positive effects on health

Front 40

Define probiotics

Back 40

nutritional supplements made up of living microorganisms having advantages to health

Front 41

Define carbohydrate metabolism.

Back 41

Glucose is an immediate energy source for all body cells
sources
• Dietary starches and sugars
• Glycogen stored in liver and muscle
• Products of carbohydrate metabolism such as lactic acid and pyruvic acid

non.... sources
• Protein and fat provide indirect sources of glucose
• Formation of glucose from protein, glycerol, and carbohydrate metabolites is called gluconeogenesis

Front 42

Define protein metabolism.

Back 42

anabolism (tissue building)
• the process of anabolism builds tissue through the synthesis of new protein
• specific enzymes, coenzymes, GH, gonadotropins, and thyroxine control and stimulate the building of tissue protein

catabolism (tissue breakdown)
◦ Breakdown of these amino acids yields two parts:
 The nitrogen-containing group
 The remaining non nitrogen residue

Front 43

Define lipid metabolism.

Back 43

Two organ tissues form a balanced axis of lipid metabolism
• Liver
• Adipose tissue
Both participate in lipid synthesis and breakdown

Lipoproteins
• Produced in:
 The intestinal wall after the initial absorption of dietary lipids
 The liver for constant recirculation to and from cells

Front 44

What hormones are involved in raising blood glucose?

Back 44

glucagon, somatostatin, steroid hormones, epinephrine, growth hormone, thyroxine

Front 45

What are the swallowing disorders ?

Back 45

dysphagia – difficulty swallowing
achalasia – failure of the esophagogastric sphincter to relax when swallowing
esophageal spasm – uncoordinated contractions of the esophagus
esophageal stricture – narrowing caused by scar from a previous inflammation, ingestion of caustic chemicals or tumor
esophagitis – inflammation

Front 46

Define peptic ulcer disease.

Back 46

eroded mucosal lesion in the central portion of the GI tract including lower esophagus, stomach, first portion of the duodenum; caused by bacteria Helicobacter pylori or intake of NSAIDs

Front 47

Define GERD.

Back 47

backflow or regurgitation of gastric contents from the stomach into the esophagus creating constant tissue irritation

Front 48

Define hiatal hernia.

Back 48

portion of the upper stomach at the entry point (hiatus) protrudes through alongside the lower portion of the esophagus

Front 49

What diet do patients with the following diagnosis need to follow
Celiac disease

Back 49

low gluten or gluten free

Front 50

What diet do patients with the following diagnosis need to follow
Cystic fibrosis

Back 50

PERT, high energy, high protein, possible fat restriction

Front 51

What diet do patients with the following diagnosis need to follow
Diverticulitis

Back 51

increased fiber unless in acute phase

Front 52

What diet do patients with the following diagnosis need to follow
Viral hepatitis

Back 52

adequate protein, high carbohydrate, low fat, small meals, fat soluble
vitamins, low sodium if retention present

Front 53

What diet do patients with the following diagnosis need to follow
Cirrhosis

Back 53

30-35 kcals/kg, 1-2 g / kg protein, < 2g sodium, soft foods if esophageal varices
present, adequate carbohydrates, moderate fat, vitamin supplements, NO alchohol

Front 54

What diet do patients with the following diagnosis need to follow
Hepatic encephalopathy

Back 54

low protein (0.5g / kg), adequate kcals and vitamins, controlled fluids

Front 55

What diet do patients with the following diagnosis need to follow: Gallbladder disease

Back 55

low fat, reduced kcals if weight loss necessary, restricted cholesterol and gas forming foods

Front 56

What diet do patients with the following diagnosis need to follow
Pancreatitis

Back 56

NPO, IV fluids or enteral feedings

Front 57

Weight gain guide during pregnancy:

Back 57

Normal weight – BMI 19.8-26.0, 11.5 to 16kg (25-35 lb)
Underweight – BMI < 19.8, 13 to 18 kg (28-40 lb)
Overweight – BMI > 26.0 – 29.0, 7 to 11.5 kg (15 -25 lb)
Obese – BMI > 29.0, minimum of 7kg (15 lb)

Front 58

What is the diet for pregnancy induced HTN ?

Back 58

Regular diet – adequate protein and calcium, rich in fruits & vegetables providing magnesium, potassium, and fiber

Front 59

Name the factors that contribute to the development of constipation during pregnancy.

Back 59

-placental hormones relax the GI muscles
-the pressure of the enlarging uterus on the lower part of the intestines